Manufacturing operations

Life-cycle analysis, in principle, allows an objective and complete view of the impact of processes and products on the environment. For a manufacturer, life-cycle analysis requires an acceptance of responsibility for the impact of manufacturing in total. This means not just the manufacturers operations and the disposal of waste created by those operations but also those of raw materials suppliers and product users. 

Safe handling practices are essential at all stages of production, from the laboratory to the manufacturing operations. The safety committee should inspect and advise on processing equipment and be responsible for providing personal protection, eye wash fountains, safety showers, etc. 

Filament. Eully drawn flat yams and partially oriented (POY) continuous filament yams are available in yam sizes ranging from about 3.3—33.0 tex (30—300 den) with individual filament linear densities of about 0.055 to 0.55 tex per filament (0.5—5 dpf). The fully drawn hard yams are used directly in fabric manufacturing operations, whereas POY yams are primarily used as feedstock for draw texturing. In the draw texturing process, fibers are drawn and bulked by heat-setting twisted yam or by entangling filaments with an air jet. Both textured and hard yams are used in apparel, sleepwear, outerwear, sportswear, draperies and curtains, and automotive upholstery. 

For fluorine-free products, the labiUty of fluorine in fluoronitrobenzenes and other activated molecules permits it to serve as a handle in hair-dye manufacturing operations, high performance polymers such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), production of dmgs such as diuretics, and fiber-reactive dyes. Labile fluorine has also been used in analytical appHcations and biological diagnostic reagents. 

Antifoaming Agents. Foaming is a frequent problem in food manufacturing operations causing production inefficiencies. 

Plasma fractionation is unusual in pharmaceutical manufacturing because it involves the processing of proteins and the preparation of multiple products from a single feedstock. A wide range of unit operations are utilized to accompHsh these tasks. They are Hsted in Table 3 some are common to a number of products and all must be closely integrated. The overall manufacturing operation can be represented as a set of individual product streams, each based on the processing of an intermediate product derived from a mainstream fractionation process (Fig. 1). 

Most of the commercial tree plantations that produce wood for captive use as a raw material in manufacturing operations use a portion as fuel. Examples of short-rotation plantations are Hsted in Table 38 (127). Paper companies in the southeastern United States are reported to have short-rotation plantings also, eg, Weyerhaeuser, James River Corp., Buckeye Cellulose, and Lykes Brothers, but the intensity of maintenance is not known (127). 

Dry Milk. Dry milk provides long-term storage capabHities, suppHes a product that can be used for food manufacturing operations, and because of its reduced volume and weight, transportation and storage costs are reduced. Dry milk has been used for manufactured products, but is used to a much greater extent for beverage products. Its properties are Hsted in Table 15. 

Unlike common commercial dianhydrides such as PMDA and BTDA, bis(ether anhydride)s possess moderate reactivity toward nucleophiles because of the electron-donating property of the ether groups. Bis(ether anhydtide)s are hardly affected by atmospheric moisture. The stabiUty and generally better solubiUty of bis(ether anhydtide)s provide significant advantages in manufacturing operations. 

Silicate esters are used ia the production of coating and refractories and in some semiconductor manufacturing operations. A broad range of purity grades of silicon tetrachloride are available to meet the requirements of these different appHcations. 

As a weak acid (in aqueous solution) carbon dioxide neutralizes excess caustic in textile manufacturing operations. It does not injure fabrics and is easy to use. Carbon dioxide is also used for neutralizing alkaline wastewaters, treating skins in tanning operations, and carbonating treated water to prevent scaling. 

Combustion Many organic compounds released from manufacturing operations can be converted to innocuous carbon dioxide and water by rapid oxidation (chemical reaction) combustion. However, combustion of gases containing halides may require the addition of acid gas treatment to the combustor exhaust. 

Such defects result from abnormal manufacturing operations such as insufficient lubrication between the metal and the mandrel during the tube-forming process. The lubricant may have been contaminated. Measurement indicated that some of these defects penetrated 8% of the tube wall thickness. Defects of this type can act as corrosion-initiation sites in a sufficiently aggressive environment. 

This guideline describes methods to help the chemical processing industry apply the CCPS chemical process safety concepts to outsourced manufacturing operations, specifically the tolling vendor-client relationship. In addition to the focus on process safety, information and examples provided in this text foster good practices relative to community and worker health, and environmental responsibility. 

A modification to the chemical process or manufacturing operation can reduce risk, for example ... 

The first law of thermodynamics is the basis for material- and energy-balance calculations. Because there is no significant transformation of mass to energy in most manufacturing operations, for a material balance the first law can be reduced to the simplified form ... 

Figure 1-19 Combining Manufacturing Operations to Produce a Wing...

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