Well planning

Imagine for a moment that the exploration activities carried out in the previous section have resulted in a successful discovery well. Some time will have passed before the results of the exploration campaign have been evaluated and documented. The next step will be the appraisal of the accumulation, and therefore at some stage a number of additional appraisal wells will be required. The following section will focus on these drilling activities, and will also investigate the interactions between the drilling team and the other E P functions. 

Careful planning of drilling activities will avoid unnecessary expenditure or risks. The planning process is vital for achieving the objectives of a well. Usually, wells are drilled with one, or a combination, of the following objectives  

To optimise the design of a well it is desirable to have an accurate a picture as possible of the subsurface. Therefore, a number of disciplines will have to provide information 

All the information is documented in a comprehensive well proposal which forms the basis for the drilling engineering planning input. This is translated into a drilling programme, an example of which is shown below. 

The following sections will explain in more detail the terms introduced so far. 

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The exact relationship will depend upon both fluid and reservoir properties, and will be investigated during well planning. 

N. J. Adams and T. Chaiiiei, Dri/ling Engineering, Ei Complete Well Planning Approach, PennWeU Books, Tulsa, OHa., 1985. 

Effective and well planned maintenance can reduce the operating cost of your pumps and other ec]uipment as this example demonstrates. With differential pressure gauges on the pump, an amp meter and flow meter you can determine if strict tolerance parts arc worn. This indicates the need to take the pump into the shop for corrective procedures. If you don t do it, you are wasting your annual operating budget. As we mentioned in Chapter 6, the Wear Rings should be called Efficiency Rings. Now you know why. 

It is essential to practice good design of all open systems by adhering to set guidelines. A well-planned and effective maintenance program is of prime importance. 

The detail plan for each audit may include dates if it is to cover several days but the main substance of the plan will be what is to be audited, against what requirements, and by whom. At the detail level, the specific requirements to be checked should be identified based upon risks, past performance, and when it was last checked. Overall plans are best presented as program charts and detail plans as checklists. Audit planning should not be taken lightly. Audits require effort from auditees as well as the auditor so a well-planned audit designed to discover pertinent facts quickly is far better than a rambling audit which jumps from area to area looking at this or that without any obvious direction. 

No alarm system, however well planned and installed, can be completely reliable or tamperproof. The successful operation of a security system requires the active cooperation of those involved in carrying out the necessary procedures carefully and thoroughly. The usefulness of the whole system can be jeopardized by lack of care or inadequate attention to routine procedures in maintenance and servicing. This care has to be extended to the security of keys and of information regarding the system, its installation and method of operation. 

This fact is not designed to take away from the importance of either one. The good news is that the mechanics of planning and scheduling is the same for either daily/weekly or shutdown/project maintenance. Well planned work orders are the fundamental requirement of both routine and outage maintenance. Many organizations lose sight of this fact. 

As a project progresses and you monitor performance, there will be times when actual does not measure up to plan. This calls for corrective action. However, don t be too quick to take action. Some deficiencies turn out to be self-correcting. It is unrealistic to expect steady and consistent progress day after day. Sometimes you ll fall behind and sometimes you ll be ahead, but in a well-planned project, you will probably finish on schedule and within budget. 

Many will blame such problems on lack of funds when the laboratory was built. This may not be the case. A well-planned and efficient laboratory does not have to cost more than a poorly planned one. It is mostly a matter of putting the available money to work where it counts most. This book gives many examples where money can be saved without causing operational problems later. It also presents cases where additional money spent at the outset has paid off in a safer and more efficient operation for years to come. 

A well planned public health program is needed for the safe exploitation of agricultural chemicals. This should embody research on toxicity, cooperation of public and private agencies for exchange of information and promulgation of control measures, labeling of economic poisons, adequate inspection, and education in occupational and consumer health. 

The deformation of polymer chains in stretched and swollen networks can be investigated by SANS, A few such studies have been carried out, and some theoretical results based on Gaussian models of networks have been presented. The possible defects in network formation may invalidate an otherwise well planned experiment, and because of this uncertainty, conclusions based on current experiments must be viewed as tentative. It is also true that theoretical calculations have been restricted thus far to only a few simple models of an elastomeric network. An appropriate method of calculation for trapped entanglements has not been constructed, nor has any calculation of the SANS pattern of a network which is constrained according to the reptation models of de Gennes (24) or Doi-Edwards (25,26) appeared. 

Layout well-planned, logical arrangement confusing /inconsistent arrangement... 

The first report [11] of a spin transition in a synthetic iron(II) system seems to be the result of a well-planned, deliberate strategy to identify the singlet/ quintet crossover region by the systematic variation of the field strength of the anionic groups in the six-coordinate species [Fe(phen)2X2] [7]. One... 

Even in the face of a well-planned emergency response plan, complications can arise. One common area where this happens is with systematic hazard removal. When existing evidence is poor, HACCP will require extensive risk assessment and may not be as easy to implement as one would hope. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that the resources allocated to risk assessment have important signal value to the public. Depending on the level of resources dedicated to a cause, an absence of investment can either cause a further increase in the perceived risk or lead to a feeling of frustration that nothing is being done. A perceived balance needs to be maintained. 

Abstract Quality of care is complicated, especially in the elderly. For a start we need drugs with evidence for the benefits and risks in the elderly, this is currently not always the case. Thereafter we need to use the drugs in an evidence based way, which may be difficult in the complex health care system. To achieve maximum benefit for the patient (outcome) and society (health-economy) a well planned process is needed. This includes identification, prevention and resolving of the patients drug-related problems decisions and selection of treatment, communication and decisions together with the patient, risk minimisation, and communication within health care. Several of these aspects are presented in this chapter. 

Reading the literature on mammalian semiochemistry over the past decade, a chemist is impressed by the enormous volume of biological information that has been gathered in well planned and meticulously executed studies of the modulation of the behavior of mammals by the chemicals released by con-specifics. One cannot, however, escape the impression that the chemical basis of many of these studies is lacking. Some of the problem areas were pointed out in the foregoing sections. To a certain extent there seems to be lack of appreciation of the diffusion rates of compounds with different volatilities and of the extent to which these differences can influence the outcome of behavioral tests. It is difficult to make an estimate of the persistence of semiochemicals that are released into the laboratory atmosphere or that are left on objects or surfaces in arenas in which tests are conducted. From what is known about the evaporation rate of some heavy compounds that are considered to be semiochemicals, it could take several weeks or even months for these compounds to be depleted to levels that cannot be detected by currently available instrumentation levels at which meaningful information could still be available to experimental animals. This then leaves the question unanswered as to when it would be safe to conduct behavioral experiments in a laboratory or arena that had been occupied by conspecifics. 

In some research fields the full benefits of well-planned research and much hard work could not be reaped, because the full potential of modern analytical instrumentation was not fully exploited. More and better information could have been obtained if the expertise of an experienced analytical chemist had been available. 

Pleasing designs can be achieved by combining different materials, such as quarry tiles, bricks, and bottle ends. If the area is to appear in harmony with its surroundings, some aspect of it, such as a color or matching brick, should relate to the nearby buildings. If a combination of materials is being used, a repeated sequence of materials will make the area look well-planned. This can also be... 

The following protocol and discussion contains fundamental principles and as much detail as possible but remains a general outline of the procedures and practical considerations. Each individual experiment must be well planned, with sufficient theoretic contemplation given to the unique characteristics of the study target and experimental materials. Whenever possible, practical procedural bps have been included in an attempt to save time, trouble, and materials. 

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