Influenza acute bronchitis

Boneset possesses diaphoretic and aperient properties. Traditionally, it has been used for influenza, acute bronchitis, nasopharyngeal catarrh, and specifically for influenza with deep aching, and congestion of the respiratory mucosa. 

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

Community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute bronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis or Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

Lu Gen can transform pus Bai Mao Gen is able to cool the blood and stop bleeding Tian Hua Fen is able to nourish the fluid of the Stomach. All are used at the late stage or during the recovery period of febrile diseases, such as acute bronchitis or influenza. Moreover, as these herbs do not have a cloying nature, they do not have the same side effects as the Yin tonifying herbs. 

Most cases of acute bronchitis are viral where bacteria are responsible the usual pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae and/or Haemophilus influenzae. It is questionable if there is role for antimicrobials in uncomplicated acute bronchitis but... 

Cefprozil, a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is indicated in the treatment of pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes otitis media caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M.(Branhamella) catarrhalis in secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. (B.) catarrhalis and in uncomplicated skin and skin-strnctnre infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and S. pyogenes. 

If chest X-ray does not show an infiltrate, the symptoms may be a result of an acute bronchitis or exacerbation of COPD or influenza infection. If an infiltrate is evident, a community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is very probable. The type of infiltrate has to be described morphologically as typical (lobar or bronchial) or atypical (interstitial) pneumonia. This provides the first hint to an underlying spectrum of micro-organism. 

A further example of the ability of doxycycline to penetrate into secretions is provided by a report [53] of a comparative trial of the drug and ampicillin in acute exacerbations in chronic bronchitis. It was found that 100 mg doxycycline daily and ampicillin 250 mg four times daily were clinically equally effective. Bacterio-logically, however, it was found that H. influenzae re-appeared in sputum more often during ampicillin therapy than y ith doxycycline. This was attributed, following earlier workers, to the failure of ampicillin (in the dose used) to reach adequate levels in sputum. By inference, therefore, doxycycline (at one tenth of the daily dosage) achieves adequate levels more readily. 

Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae... 

Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis. 

Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults - Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults caused by susceptible strains of/-/, influenzae and S. pneumoniae. 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

Aftermath of acute infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, fever in pulmonary tuberculosis and chronic fatigue syndrome. 

Qll Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis can be caused either by viral or bacterial infections. Production of thick, green sputum suggests Chandra has a bacterial infection. Common bacterial pathogens affecting the lung include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. It is recommended that COPD patients receive influenza vaccine each year pneumoccocal vaccine is also often recommended in chronic lung disease and may prevent recurrence of chest infection in the elderly. 

Lomefloxacin has been approved for two primary indica-(ions. First, it is indicated for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis cau.sed by H. influenzae or Moraxella (Branimmella) caiatrhalis. but not if Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative organism. Second, it is used for prophylaxis of infection following transurethral surgery. Lomefloxacin also finds application in the treatment of acute cys-this and chronic urinary tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli. 

Lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibiotic (400 mg p.o. daily for 10 to 14 days), is used in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by Haemophilis influenzae or Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in uncomphcated urinary tract infections (cystitis) caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, or Staphylococcus saprophyticus, in complicated urinary tract infections caused by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and it is possibly effective against infections caused by Citrobacter diversus or Enterobacter cloacae and for the prophylaxis of infections after transurethral surgical procedures (see also Figure 85). 

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Administration of800-1200 mg sulfamethoxazole plus 160-240 mg trimethoprim twice a day appears to be effective in decreasing fever, purulence and volume of sputum, and sputum bacterial count. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should not be used to treat streptococcal pharyngitis because it does not eradicate the microorganism. It is effective for acute otitis media in children and acute maxillary sinusitis in adults caused by susceptible strains o/Haemophilus influenzae artd Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, and Moraxella catarrhali. Cefditoren pivoxil is only indicated for the treatment of mild-to-moderate pharyngitis, tonsillitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 

Ceftibuten is an orally effective drug that is less active against gram-positive and gramnegative organisms than ceftxime, with activity limited to S. pneumonia and S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis. Ceftibuten is only indicated for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial otitis media, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis. 

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