Research and industry

Ireland IIRS, I.S., Institute for Industrial Research and Standards, Blasnevin House, Bahymun Road, Dublin-9. 

Industrial Research and DevelopmentFacts, Industrial Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Animals, including insects and other arthropods or brewing, fish, silk and leather industries Research and educational laboratories, pest control... 

In future a third new group will be required, according to another preliminary statement published quite recently by a team of Australian chemists, Messrs. Hughes, Lahey, Price and Webb. They have isolated six alkaloids from three rutaceous species of that country, five of which have been definitely shown to be acridine derivatives. This appears to be the fiipst-fruits of a survey of the type referred to above, which is being carried out on the Australian flora under the auspices of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and several of the Australian Universities. ... 

An exhaustive director) of resources on the web for chemists in varied fields industrial, research, and academia. 

End N, Schoning K-U (2004) Immobilized Catalysts in Industrial Research and Application. 242 241-271... 

Many academic texts are available to teach chemists the fundamental tools of their trade, but few books are designed to give future industrial research and development chemists the knowledge they need to contribute, with confidence and relevance, to the development of new environmentally benign chemical technology. This book aims to be a handbook for those chemists attempting to develop new processes and products for the twenty-first century, which meet the evermore stringent demands of a society that wants new products with improved performance, and with a lower financial and environmental price tag. 

The btjok fills a gap and is mandatory reading for everyone involved in u.sing or administering chemical information in academic and industrial research and development, patent matters or corporate managcmeni. 

A real breakthrough of analytical SFE for in-polymer analysis is still uncertain. The expectations and needs of industrial researchers and routine laboratories have not been fulfilled. SFE presents some severe drawbacks (optimisation, quantification, coupling, and constraints as to polarity of the extractable analytes), which cannot easily be overcome by instrumental breakthroughs but... 

Within two decades of the introduction of tetraethyl lead, engine efficiency doubled, power per cylinder tripled, and the octane of regular gasoline rose from 55 to 75. Midgley s gasoline additive symbolized the technological wonders of industrial research and corporate America. Cheap... 

David A. Hounshell. Interpreting the History of Industrial Research and Development The Case of E. I. Du Pont de Nemours Co. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 134 (Dec. 1990) 387-407. Source for Thome s saving Carothers papers. 

Proteolytic enzymes Animals, including insects and other arthropods or their larval forms Dusts from barley, oats, rye, wheat or maize, or Biological washing powders and the baking, brewing, fish, silk and leather industries Research and educational laboratories, pest control and fruit cultivation The baking or flour milling industry or on farms... 

Levin, R.C. et al. (1987), Appropriating the return from industrial research and development , Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3, pp. 783-820. 

This chapter covers both traditional and more recent synthetic methods of preparing phosphors. It is important to note that as phosphors are used in all types of display, and are, therefore, an important part of a multibillion-dollar industry research and development is always ongoing to improve light output and, therefore, ease of viewing. The same is also true in the use of phosphors for lighting. 

The factors are discussed which lead to the formation of environmental regulations in the United States, following the growing realisation over the last 150 years of the environmental impact of the new chemicals which were being developed. Initiatives for new regulations often come from the public, and their concerns at the time, particularly in relation to pollution prevention, air quality, and the protection of children s health. Current environmental regulations are discussed along with their impact on industrial research and development. Future trends are forecast to be related to air quality, children s health, and pollution prevention. 11 refs. 

Lin, G.H.Y. (1987). Prediction of teratogenic potential and a proposed scheme for teratogenicity screening of industrial research and development materials. In Vitro Toxicology 1 203-217. 

IAEA, Recommendations, Emergency Planning and Preparedness for Accidents Involving Radioactive Materials Used in Medicine, Industry, Research and Teaching, Safety Series 91, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1989. 

The behavior of practically all luminescent materials is sensitive to various parameters of physical and chemical origin. The excited state lifetimes and average intensities of the fluorescence and/or phosphorescence of these materials are modulated, for example, by temperature, oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, voltage, pressure, and ionic strength. Consequently, the luminescence of various materials could be used, in principle, to monitor parameters of interest in medicine, industry, research, and the environment. 

Levin, R.D., Klevorick, A., Nelson, R.R., and Winter, S.G., Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development, Brookings Papers Econ. Activ., 783-820, 1987. 

Wills, R. B. H., and Stuart, D. L. (2001). Production of high quality Australian ginseng. A report for the Rual Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), pp. 1-35. RIRDC Publication No. 01/170. ACT, Kingston. 

Dale, B. E. Greening the chemical industry research and development priorities for biobased industrial products, J Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2003, 78, 1093-1103. 

For some recent reviews, see Pfenosil, J.E., Kut, O.M., Dunn, I.J. and Heinzle, E., Immobilized biocatalysts. In Ullman s Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, vol. 2. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2007, pp. 683-734 Sheldon, R. A., Enzyme immobilization the quest for optimum performance. Adv. Synth. Catal., 2007, 349, 1289-1307 End, N. and Schoning, K.-U., Immobilized biocatalysts in industrial research and production. Topics Curr. Chem., 2004, 242, 273-317 Bornscheuer, U.T., Immobilizing enz3mies how to create more suitable biocatalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003,42, 3336-3337 Cao, L. Immobilised enzymes science or art Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2005, 9, 217-226. 

That this was known in industry at least 15 years earlier is one of the unfortunate discrepancies between academic research and commercial industrial research and development. Not all that is known is necessarily published. This realization subsequently lead to the development of both solid phase and gas phase linear driving force models that each provide very good representations of measured data without the excess labor involved with the diffusion-based models. For trace systems there are quite a few analytical solutions that are available and quite tractable for both design work and the analysis of adsorption column performance. 

For most purposes, polydispersity is not an obstacle, and currently the potentially cheaper hyperbranched polymers are successfully entering industrial research and application. Nevertheless, their success is based on the know-how built up in research on dendrimers. 

NICE recommendations will have a major impact on the direction of industry research and development. It will also have major impact on politicians and civil servants who run the NHS, since NICE recommendations have already had considerable cost implications. 

Three of the four countries with the highest industry research and development spend have... 

For HCS to be fully accepted by academia, several conditions will need to be fulfilled. Current HCS instruments are closed black boxes and their expensive maintenance contracts do not allow any hardware or software modifications for adaptation to the diverse needs of academic research. Academic research is typically more diversified than pharmaceutical industry research and the instruments need to be more customizable than they are now. In addition, the image and data formats need to be accessible and open. In academia data is shared between collaborators and will be analyzed with various, partly custom-made software. Therefore the data needs to be accessible and open. Lastly, the yearly costs of maintenance contracts and licenses are particularly difficult to finance in academic research that relies heavily on grants. Grants typically do not cover licensing costs or if they do, when the grant runs out, new sources of funding must be found. In reality, those costs must generally be covered by institutional funds. 

Berndt, Cockburn, and Grepin (2005) employ the number of medical indications to measure pharmaceutical innovation. A substantial share of industry research and development expenditures, estimated at between 25% and 30% (p. 45), is directed toward finding new indications for existing products. Berndt et al. use the term incremental innovation to describe these efforts. For the three therapeutic areas they examined, the number of FDA approvals for new indications increased substantially in the past decade (p. 27). In addition, the greater number of approved indications has led to increased utilizations of the drugs concerned (p. 41). On that basis, they maintain that reported declines in pharmaceutical research productivity are overstated. 

Levin, Richard C., Alvin K. Klevorick, Richard R. Nelson, and Sidney G. Winter. 1987. Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 3 783-820. 

Researchers and drug companies are interdependent. The pharmaceutical industry depends on scientists and clinicians for research, development, and marketing. Conversely, the medical profession depends on research that is largely financed by the pharmaceutical industry. While this interdependence often benefits industry, research, and patient care, conflicts of interest may arise in two main areas (1) drug research and development and (2) clinical education and product marketing. 

Francis, C. M. and Campbell, M. C. (2003). New high quality oil seed crops for temperate and tropical Australia. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Barton, Australia, http //www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NPP/03-045sum.html. 

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