Lead, tetraethyl

01 Jan 2000 The chemical is severely restricted. All uses as an anti-knock agent in vehicles are 

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A motor fuel has an octane number X if it behaves under tightly defined experimental conditions the same as a mixture of X volume % of isooctane and (100 - X)% of n-heptane. The isooctane-heptane binary mixtures are called primary reference fuels. Octane numbers higher than 100 can also be defined the reference material is isooctane with small quantities of tetraethyl lead added the way in which this additive acts will be discussed later. 

It is useful, nevertheless, to bring to mind their composition and their means of action (Goodacre, 1958). Several components of the same family can in reality be utilized tetraethyl lead, Pb ( 2115)4 or TEL, tetramethyl lead, Pb (CHg) or TML, mixtures of these products or yet mixed chemical components including various combinations of the groups C2Hg and CH3 Pb ( 2115)2 ( 113)2, Pb ( 2115)3 113, Pb ( 2Hg) ( 113)3. 

The reduction ia tetraethyl lead for gasoline production is expected to iacrease the demand for petroleum alkylate both ia the U.S. and abroad. Alkylate producers have a choice of either a hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid process. Both processes are widely used. However, concerns over the safety or potential regulation of hydrofluoric acid seem likely to convince more refiners to use the sulfuric acid process for future alkylate capacity. 

Lead in regular gasoline (usually as tetraethyl lead) is limited in the United States to 1.1 gm of lead per gallon, except that refiners producing less than 10,000 barrels per day may include 1.9 gm per gallon. 

Tetraethyl lead Tetraethylene glycol Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Tetrahydrofuran Tetramethyl lead (as Pb)... 

Lead and compounds Manganese and compounds SPA Lead oxide Tetraethyl lead (TEL) Batteries Explosives and pyrotechnics Paint Pesticides Petrochemicals Printing Refineries Vehicle exhausts Batteries Catalyst Glass Paint Pyrotechnics... 

Reactors equipped with heavy agitators used for tetraethyl lead manufacture during World War II were disinterred from bomb rubble and were found by the people who dug them up to be ideal for processing fish paste for human consumption. The reactors were washed, but this did not prevent poisoning a number of people. 

Free radical initiators play an important role in many chemical reactions (see also Chapter 17, Problem 5). For example, combustion of gasoline is assisted by compounds such as tetraethyl lead, heating of which results in bond breaking and generation of ethyl radical. 

Lead is an element used in many industrial processes and also has been used in fuels and coatings. Tetraethyl lead was added to gasoline to improve performance as a motor fuel, and elemental lead was extensively used in paints and coatings to improve coverage and durability until the 1970s, when phase-out efforts began to reduce lead emissions to the environment. 

Thomas Midgley, working with a group of researchers under Charles F. Kettering, discovered a fuel-additive, tetraethyl lead that enhanced the knock resistance of existing fuels. By the time this additive entered commercial use in 1923, the average compression ratio of new U.S. cars had advanced to 4.3. 

Major uses of ethyl chloride are the manufacture of tetraethyl lead and the synthesis of insecticides. It is also used as an alkylating agent and as a solvent for fats and wax. 

Particulates from 0.02 to 10 n diam are found in the exhaust gas at a rate of 0.22 to 3.2 mg/g of gasoline burned. The largest fraction of these are lead compounds from the use of tetraethyl lead. 

The ratio of anthropogenic emissions to total natural emissions is highest for the atmophilic elements Sn, Cu, Cd, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Hg, and Pb (Lantzy and Mackenzie, 1979). In the case of lead, atmospheric concentrations are primarily the consequence of the combustion of leaded gasoline. For many years, lead was used as a gasoline additive, in the form of an organometal compound, tetraethyl lead. When the fuel was... 

Next to the formation of Grignard reagents, the most important application of this reaction is the conversion of alkyl and aryl halides to organolithium compounds, but it has also been carried out with many other metals, (e.g., Na, Be, Zn, Hg, As, Sb, and Sn). With sodium, the Wurtz reaction (10-93) is an important side reaction. In some cases, where the reaction between a halide and a metal is too slow, an alloy of the metal with potassium or sodium can be used instead. The most important example is the preparation of tetraethyl lead from ethyl bromide and a Pb—Na alloy. 

Boeckx RL, Postl B, Coodin FJ Gasoline sniffing and tetraethyl lead poisoning in children. Pediatrics 60 140—145, 1977... 

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