Maintenance expenses

Comparing two or more complex alternatives is more difficult than examining equipment capacity or first cost. Characteristics of alternatives should be weighted for relative importance and measured on a common scale to aEow proper evaluation. Many characteristics such as first cost, capacity, space requirement, and annual energy use can be measured objectively and used for system comparisons. Experience has shown that items such as maintenance expense, component life, and downtime can also be rehably estimated. Other factors, eg, system maintainabEity, flexibEity, and comfort, are more arbitrary. 

The primaiy advantages of a centrifugal pump are simplicity, low first cost, uniform (nonpulsating) flow, smaU floor space, low maintenance expense, quiet operation, and adaptability for use with a motor or a turbine drive. 

The ejector can first be identified as having no moving parts (see Figure i-10). It is used primarily for that feature as it is not as efficient as most of the mechanical compressors. Simplicity and the lack of wearing parts contribute to the unit s inherent reliability and low-maintenance expense. 

The choice of whether air cooled exchangers should be used is essentially a question of economics including first costs or capital costs, operating and maintenance expenses, space requirements, and environmental considerations and involves a decision weighing the advantages and disadvantages of cooling with air. 

The difference between the actual sales price of the liquid and the break-even price of the liquid in Table 9-3 provides the income to pay out the capital cost, fuel cost, and other operating and maintenance expenses necessary to make the recovery of the gas economically attractive. 

Electric power systems can be thought of as being comprised of three important sectors generation, transmission, and distribution. For most utilities, generation capital equipment costs account for approximately 50 percent of total plant in costs. Generation also accounts for close to 75 percent of total operation and maintenance expense. 

Required revenues are the sum of operation and maintenance expenses, depreciation, taxes, and a return on rate base. The rate base is the total amount of fixed capital used by the utility in producing, transmitting, and delivering electricity. The return on rate base IS the weighted average cost of capital, including debt and equity sources. 

A mechanical seal s performance depends on the operating condition of the equipment where it is installed. Therefore, inspection of the equipment before seal installation can potentially prevent seal failure and reduce overall maintenance expenses. 

Maintenance expenses. The nature of these is generally self-evident, but long-term maintenance contracts, insurance inspection fees and any subsequent requirements arising therefrom should not be overlooked. Inspections are commonly undertaken at weekends, at premium labor rates. 

For the most part, these various forms of external treatment involve the use of capital expense equipment, whereas the term BW treatment is ordinarily employed to indicate the addition of various types of maintenance expense internal treatment specialty chemicals. 

Economically, the elimination of lead and nickel emissions will result in an improved product because exposure of the metal to combustion gases in the current process results in porosity and entrainment of hydrogen gas in the metal. Overall, AMPCO estimates an annual savings in operations and maintenance expenses of USD 1.2 million with the use of this technology. Assuming the same 70% industry adoption, economic savings by 2010 could reach USD 5.8 million. Without the new electric induction heating process, the capital costs required for compliance could be USD 3 million. 

Artificial ground freezing involves the installation of freezing loops in the ground and a self-confined refrigeration system that pumps coolant around the freezing loop. This method is useful only as a temporary treatment approach because of the high thermal maintenance expense. 

Since this is a batch system, it might be advisable to use direct digital control. Undoubtedly the throughput could be increased over that with the more traditional analog control system. However, the initial costs and maintenance expenses would also increase. To fully instrument the system would also greatly complicate the equipment required, especially for feeding the reactors (this is discussed later). An economic balance should be run to determine whether this is feasible. I feel it would not be warranted, and have chosen to instrument the plant in the traditional way. 

Maintenance The maintenance expense consists of two components, namely, materials and labor, approximately 60 and 40 percent, respectively. Company records are the oest information sources, however, a value of 6 to 10 percent of the fixed capital investment is a reasonable figure. Processes with a large amount of rotating equipment or that operate at extremes of temperature and/or pressure have higher maintenance requirements. 

The developer claims that miscellaneous operating, utility, and maintenance expenses will add costs of approximately 0.25 to 1.00 per ton of waste treated (D151100, p. 7). 

The vendor supplied an unspecified case study that compared the costs of an existing pump-and-treat system with a pump-and-treat system that had been retrofitted to accommodate an FE ACTIVE. The projected life-cycle cost (adjusted for an inflation rate of 4% and a rate of interest of 5%) of the existing pump-and-treat system was calculated to be 3,930,000 (1996 dollars). The life-cycle cost (adjusted for a 4% inflation rate and a 5% interest rate) of the FE ACTIVE retrofit system was calculated at 945,000 (1996 dollars). Both estimates included capital costs, operation and maintenance expenses, and the cost of groundwater monitoring. Similarly, had the FE ACTIVE system been installed initially, its life-cycle cost would be 1,630,000 (1996 doUars). 

A soil vapor extraction (SVE) system, which included the Terra Vac DVE technology, was used to clean up the Tyson s Dump Superfund site in Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania. Total remediation costs at this site were 39.9 million to treat 30,000 yd of soil, or l,330/yd of soil treated. These costs included construction, operation, and maintenance expenses. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) notes that technology costs at this site may be high when compared to other SVE applications because of enhancements made to the system during operation (D18517V, p. 255). 

Tank-Battery Repair Savings Many of the conventional batteries scheduled for consolidation were more than 30 years old and were experiencing high annual repair and maintenance costs. Comparing this with repair and maintenance expenses for automated sites, a net savings from consolidation was evident. An estimated net reduction in operating expense of more than S300.000/yr is anticipated. 

If, in order to do maintenance on the meter, the process flow cannot be stopped and the measurement point cannot be bypassed, the selection choice is limited to clamp-on meters. If the available straight upstream pipe run is insufficient, consider using meters that require less (such as magnetic, which requires five) diameters. Even if the meter installation requirements can be met, their effect on the overall system cost must still be quantified because the cost should also include installation, operation, and maintenance expenses. 

The cost of hydrogen from electrolysis is dominated by two factors (1) the cost of electricity and (2) capital-cost recovery for the system. A third cost factor—operation and maintenance expenses (O M)—adds perhaps 3 to 5 percent to total annual costs. The electrochemical efficiency of the unit, coupled with the price of electricity, determine the variable cost. The total capital cost of the electrolyzer unit, including compression, storage, and dispensing equipment, is the basis of fixed-cost recovery. 

The SELECTOR Technology is characterized by its simple flow sheet and low-operating pressure. This results in low capital and maintenance expenses and product cost, and high plant availability. Mild reaction conditions minimize byproduct formation. Low byproduct formation also contributes to higher process efficiencies and product qualities. 

The engineer should also consider what changes in die Code or staie-of-the-art will allow an installation that will last longer, be more reliable, and reduce both initial installation costs and maintenance expense. For example, manufacturers of equipment for hazardous locations do not always. spell out the materials used in their pieces of equipment. A number of manufacturers produce pushbutton stations for Division 1 and Division 2. In examining their specifications, questions that should be asked include ... 

Equipment maintenance expense This part of cost includes the purchase of spare parts and damageable material, and maintenance fee. 

The tar or pitch joints in the stoneware pipelines have been a source of frequent mishaps and leakage, accounting for the bulk of maintenance expenses at Saint-Maur. 

In PPs (Blanco et al, 2005 [7]) fresh fruit is received and stored (NPFS) previous washing, classification and packing. Each PP can also receive fresh fruit from TPS (X3). PPs produce waste fruit (damaged or too imperfect non-tradable fruit) devoted to juice production CJPs (X7), and packed fruit (X8), which is cold stored (PFS) previous delivery. PPs possess a maximum processing capacity and a related operating cost, which considers labor, energy and maintenance expenses. 

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