Industrial research

Chromatographic techniques, particularly gas phase chromatography, are used throughout all areas of the petroleum industry research centers, quality control laboratories and refining units. The applications covered are very diverse and include gas composition, search and analysis of contaminants, monitoring production units, feed and product analysis. We will show but a few examples in this section to give the reader an idea of the potential, and limits, of chromatographic techniques. 

Schrof W, Klingler J, Heckmann W and Horn D 1998 Confocal fluorescence and Raman microscopy in industrial research Colloid Polym. Sc/. 276 577-88... 

Coal is used ia industry both as a fuel and ia much lower volume as a source of chemicals. In this respect it is like petroleum and natural gas whose consumption also is heavily dominated by fuel use. Coal was once the principal feedstock for chemical production, but ia the 1950s it became more economical to obtain most industrial chemicals from petroleum and gas. Nevertheless, certain chemicals continue to be obtained from coal by traditional routes, and an interest in coal-based chemicals has been maintained in academic and industrial research laboratories. Much of the recent activity in coal conversion has been focused on production of synthetic fuels, but significant progress also has been made on use of coal as a chemical feedstock (see Coal CONVERSION processes). 

Effect of Conditioning Humidity on the Electrical Resistance of Rayon Yams, British Cotton Industry Research Association, London, 1945. 

T. E. Stewart, M Survey of the Chemistry of Amino Acids-Reducing Sugar Reaction in Relation to Aroma Production, Scientific and Technical Surveys No. 61, British Eood Manufacturing Industries Research Association, London, Dec. 1969. 

Brit. Pat. Appl. 2,136,013 (Sept. 1984), D. Seddon and S. Bessell (to Broken HiU Pty. Co. Ltd., Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 

Iran Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, Ministry of Industries and Mines, PO Box 2937, Tehran. 

Ireland IIRS, I.S., Institute for Industrial Research and Standards, Blasnevin House, Bahymun Road, Dublin-9. 

Government Kesearch Keport, Vol. 9, Powder Metallurgy, Ministry of Supply, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, 1951. 

Almost all of the world s industrial research is conducted by companies from the United States, Japan, and Europe. Companies from these areas have accelerated the global dispersion of their R D since the mid-1980s (14—16) (Eig. 2). In the twenty-first century, other R D powers will emerge from India, China, the Asia—Pacific region, and Eastern Europe, unless these areas are dismpted by social, poUtical, and environmental forces (17). 

Industrial Research and DevelopmentFacts, Industrial Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

J. M. Utteibach and M. H. Meiei, "Reduciag Cycle Times", Industrial Research Institute Fall Meeting WiUiamsbuig, Va., Oct. 23—26,1994. 

P. M. Noiling, "Accessiag Technology fiom External Sources Usiag External Sources foi CEC Alternatives," Industrial Research Institute Roundtable, Washiagtoa, D.C., July 28, 1994. 

Standard Analytical Methods, Com Industries Research Eoundation, Washington, D.C., binder is constantly updated with new and revised methods. K. Helrich, ed.. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Off dal Analytical Chemists, 15th ed., Arlington, Va., 1990. 

Other variations of the fuming process under development by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Clayton, Austraha, promise even greater efficiencies of metal recovery (5). 

Crystallization and Melting Point. The abihty of PVA to crystallize is the single most important physical property of PVA as it controls water solubiUty, water sensitivity, tensile strength, oxygen barrier properties, and thermoplastic properties. Thus, this feature has been and continues to be a focal point of academic and industrial research (9—50). The degree of crystallinity as measured by x-ray diffraction can be directly correlated to the density of the material or the swelling characteristic of the insoluble part (Fig. 2). 

The majority of industrial research describes classical approaches to yield improvement (49). However, there has been some work using genetically modified organisms. In the case of these recombinant organisms, the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster has been expressed in noncarotegenic species such as E. coli (50) and S. cerevisiae (51). 

Wool Research, Vol. 2, Wool Industries Research Association, Leeds, U.K., 1955. 

A. H. Cook, Barley and Malt, The Brewing Industry Research Eoundation, Academic Press, New York and London, 1962. 

Leather Industries Research Lab University of Cincinnati, ML 14 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221... 

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