Application in Research and Industry

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS AND APPLICATIONS 4.15.8.1 Applications in Research and Industry... 

OZONE. [CAS 10028-15-6]. Ozone, O3, is an allolropic form of oxygen first recognized as a unique substance in 1840. Its pungent odor is detectable at "0.01 ppm. It is thermally unstable and explosive in the gas, liquid, and solid phases. In addition to being an excellent disinfectant, ozone is a powerful oxidant not only thermodynamically, but also kinetically, and has many useful synthetic applications in research and industry. Its strong oxidizing and disinfecting properties and its innocuous... 

Ketoreductases (KREDs) are dependent on nicotinamide cofactors NADH or NADPH. Due to the reaction mechanism, these rather costly cofactors are needed in stoichiometric amounts, disclosing an economic problem that has to be dealt with when using these enzymes. Many different possibilities for cofactor recycling have been established with three major approaches finding application in research and industry (Fig. 13). Further regeneration systems, such as electrochemical methods, are not discussed within this review [22-24, 37, 106-108],... 

An innumerable number of applications in research and industry have led to a continued interest in the area of four-membered heterocycles containing two nitrogen atoms. A detailed account has been compiled in CHEC-II(1996), covering the literature that appeared between 1980 and 1995 <1996CHEC-II(1B)911>. In the present chapter progress in this class of heterocycles during 1995-2006 is described. However, some of the earlier aspects are included to provide continuity and a better understanding of this topic. 

The state of the art with respect to supramolecular extraction has been summarized in several recent reviews from different perspectives, including in terms of the underlying fundamental chemical processes involved as well as with respect to possible applications in research and industry [7-15],... 

The anhydrous fluorides are by far the most important halides of the rare earth elements. This results mainly from their chemical and thermal stability in comparison to the other halides and, therefore, to their advantageous application in research and industry. The chemistry of the rare earth fluorides has been reviewed by Batsanova (1971), in the Gmelin Handbook (1976), and partially together with the other rare earth halides by Haschke (1979) in chapter 32 of this Handbook. With respect to the importance of the fluorides, it seems to be appropriate to devote a separate chapter to this class of compounds, especially because many new and exciting results have been found more recently which are not covered in the above reviews. This review deals mainly with preparation, phase relationships, structural chemistry, and thermodynamic properties of RF3, RF2, RF2+6, RF4, and mixed fluorides of the systems AF-RF3 and AF2-RF3, A(I) being alkali and A(II) alkaline earth elements. Special regard is paid to aspects which are omitted from or inadequately covered in the Gmelin Handbook (1976) and by Haschke (1979). 

The coupling of two organic compounds, an organic halide (RX) and an organometallic (R M), using transition metal catalysts to give products of type R-R is synthetically very powerful, having found wide application in research and industry. 

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