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Individual health assessment

Those involved in individual health assessment are concerned with the early detection of specific organ kidney injury. With regard to acute kidney injury (AKI), biomarkers may serve several additional purposes. That is, they may determine AKI subtypes (prerenal, intrinisic renal, or postrenal), identify the etiology of AKI (ischemia, toxins, sepsis, or a combination), differentiate AKI from other forms of acute kidney disease (urinary tract infections, glomerulonephrihs, intershtial nephritis), predict the AKI severity (risk stratification for prognostication as well as guide to therapy), monitor the course of AKI, and monitor the response to AKI interventions. For chronic kidney disease (CKD), they provide both evidence and severity of exposure and may be used to assess response to removal of offend-... [Pg.92]

Monitoring activities have usually been carried out to help clarify the risks, if any, associated with specific sites. While every data point that could be obtained may be of some interest, the challenge is to maximize the usefulness for risk assessment of monitoring data that are collected and analyzed within cost and time constraints. Unfortunately, health assessment specialists have provided little guidance to date as to the type of monitoring information that would be most useful to them in determining risks to individuals or to larger populations. [Pg.76]

Bouyer, J., J. Dardenne and D. Hemon (1995). Performance of odds ratios obtained with a job-exposure matrix and individual exposure assessment with special reference to misclassification errors, Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 21, 265-271. [Pg.268]

A primary directive of CERCLA is the protection of public health. Because the hazards that exist at Superfund sites tend to be quite variable, it has not been possible to establish specific cleanup criteria for the hazardous substances regulated under CERCLA potential human health effects must be evaluated by quantitative risk assessment on a site-by-site basis. Each Superfund site is assessed individually to determine how clean is clean. The rationale is that the hazard of a contaminant is a function of its potential to reach a receptor (e.g., groundwater, population) and the potential harm to the exposed receptor. The ability of a contaminant to migrate, its potential to degrade, and its distance to a receptor of concern (i.e., the risk), all are site-specific. Only on the basis of such individualized risk assessment is it possible to achieve efficient and cost-effective cleanup of the thousands of hazardous waste sites throughout the US. [Pg.4546]

In 1983, the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services by administrative order established ATSDR as a separate agency of the Public Health Service. In 1984, amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) authorized ATSDR to conduct public health assessments at RCRA sites when requested by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), states, or individuals, and to help EPA decide which substances should be regulated and at what levels those substances threaten human health. [Pg.2931]

Modern test theory offers the potential for individualized, comparable assessments for the careful examination and application of different health status measures. One such theory is item response theory (IRT). Researchers report that IRT has a number of potential advantages over the currently employed classical test theory in assessing self-reported health outcomes. Applications of the IRT models are ideally suited for implementing computer adaptive testing. IRT methods are also reported to be helpful in developing better health outcome measures and in assessing change over time. ° ... [Pg.424]

ATSDR has the responsibility for health assessment at National Priorities List (NPL) hazardous waste sites, many of which have petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Specific contaminants that are components of TPH, such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), n-hexane, jet fuels, fuel oils, and mineral-based crankcase oil, have been studied by ATSDR and a number of toxicological profiles have been developed on individual constituents and petroleum products. The... [Pg.35]

Health assessment efforts are frequently frustrated by three primary problems (1) the inability to identify and quantify the individual compounds released to the environment as a consequence of a petroleum spill (2) the lack of information characterizing the fate of the individual compounds in petroleum mixtures and (3) the lack of specific health guidance values for the majority of chemicals present in petroleum products. To define the public health implications associated with exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of petroleum properties, compositions, and the physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological properties of the compounds most often identified as the key chemicals of concern. [Pg.88]

Biomass exposure has also been shown to be associated with other health outcomes, including bhndness (cataracts), self-reported tuberculosis, reduced birth weight and increased perinatal mortality but the evidence for such associations is not as strong as what is available for ARI and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They are subject to even greater uncertainties in both the exposure and the health assessment components and the reader is referred to the references cited earlier for individual studies concerned with particular health risks. [Pg.234]

Many patients with type 2 diabetes and therefore with multiple health issues may be able to handle changes only one step at a time. The long-term therapeutic action plan will, however, require multiple steps but the plan needs to be gradually developed by the physician and the patient together based upon individualized risk assessment, digestible evidence-based information, empathetic motivation and realistic tradeoffs related to benefits and potential undesired effects of the intervention. [Pg.159]

As a means of both secondary and tertiary prevention, a combination of one-to-one consultation (interview and advice), followed by a group seminar with practical training, a repetitive seminar and a workplace visit has proven to be effective. During the initial consultation, the individual health and disease concept, respectively, are assessed, and the degree of motivation for improvement of protective behavior is... [Pg.442]

Based on an acceptable cost-benefit and risk-benefit-assessment for both public and individual health, a pharmacist is mandated for the legal provision of medicines used to treat his patients. This scope is defined by Acts, Ordinances or Decrees, national or regional needs, and, in hospitals, is formalised in the formulary, normally defined by a medicines committee. This formulary includes medicines, controlled medicines, devices, chemicals, disinfectants, and ethanol in various concentrations and presentations. Each pharmacy should be responsible for ensuring that a locally agreed list of products should be available to meet the needs of the business even in times of accidents and catastrophes (Table 3.1). This list is adapted and recalculated from a list of a Swiss University Hospital, which has been agreed by emergency and ICU, anaesthesia, and hospital pharmacy... [Pg.27]

Both of these publications have another feature that will interest some safety and health professionals. They include numerical scoring systems for the individual elements being evaluated. OSHA s Safety and Health Assessment Worksheet includes a four-element scoring system the PEP form allows five scores to be recorded. If a numerical or alpha scoring system is to be used, the single, correct scoring system is the one with which the auditors and personnel who review and act on the audit reports are comfortable. [Pg.369]

The landmark Needleman et al. (1979), study marked the advent of current views about the neurobehavioral and other effects of body lead at lower and lower levels. The Needleman report made it clear that, because the kinds of adverse individual health effects on the brains of children associated with lead were not unique to lead but had other causes as well, further assessment of lead as a health problem at low environmental exposures would require multidisciplinary and sophisticated test instruments to show lead—neurotoxic effect relationships. [Pg.737]

In Europe, the guiding philosophy of legislation since the early 1990s has been for those who work with hazards and risks in relation to fire and health and safety to effectively control them. This requires organisations and individuals to assess the potential risks associated with their work activities and to introduce effective measures to control such risks. [Pg.2]

In order to comply with section 2(2) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 in relation to the provision of a safe system of work, the production of a method statement is recognised as necessary for all demolition work. Because of the special demolition needs of each structure, an individual risk assessment must be made by the employer undertaking the work, in writing, to comply with the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. [Pg.154]

In addition, if possible, die nurse obtains a history of any past drug or alcohol abuse. Individuals with a history of previous abuse are more likely to abuse odier drug s, such as the antianxiety drug s. Some patients, such as diose with mild anxiety or depression, do not necessarily require inpatient care. These patients are usually seen at periodic intervals in die primary health care provider s office or in a psychiatric outpatient setting. The preadministration assessments of the outpatient are the same as diose for the hospitalized patient. [Pg.278]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.92 ]




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