Toxicological properties

For tadpole narcosis of a diverse set of chemicals, the following equation has been developed  

Correlation of nonspecific toxicity on the Madison 517 fungus, expressed as log(l/C) (C is the minimum toxic dose), with Vw was found to be  

Flubendiamide represents a novel class of insecticide having a unique chemical structure, and provides a new mode of action, which acts as a RyR modulator. This activity is highly selective to insect RyR, and no cross-resistance to existing insecticides is observed. Flubendiamide will also be very suitable for Insecticide Resistant Management. Furthermore, flubendiamide shows a broad insecticidal spectrum against lepidopterous insect pests, excellent efficacy in field evaluations, and excellent safety against various beneficial arthropods and natural enemies. It will be suitable for 1PM programs. 

The authors would like to express sincere thanks to all their distinguished colleagues involved in the discovery of flubendiamide in Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd. The authors also wish to acknowledge the many scientists at Bayer CropScience AG and Professor Yasuo Mori at Kyoto University during the course of the mode of action work. 

Nishimatsu, T. Hirooka, H. Kodama, M. Tohnishi, A. Seo, Proceedings of the BCPC International Congress - Crop Sci. e( Technology, 2005, 2A-3, 57-64. 

Schneider, Int l. Conf. on Pesticides, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Book of Abstracts, 2005,156-161. 

Flubendiamide, Benzenedicarboxamide, Insecticide, Ryanodine Receptor Modulator 

---

Xandiene dyes have not exhibited health or safety properties warranting special precautions however, standard chemical labeling instmctions are required. Toxicological properties of important dyes are Hsted in Table 2 (12). 

Table 2. Toxicological Properties of Selected Xanthene Dyes ...

Aerosol technology may be defined as involving the development, preparation, manufacture, and testing of products that depend on the power of a hquefied or compressed gas to expel the contents from a container. This definition can be extended to iaclude the physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of both the finished aerosol system and the propellants. 

The principle of fluorescent whitening was described in 1929 (1), but the industrial use of FWAs began about 10 years later. Since that time FWAs have found increasing use in the most diverse fields (2—5). The toxicological properties of fluorescent whiteners have been summarized (6). Commercial products investigated thus fat have been found to be completely harmless. Mote than 2000 patents for FWAs exist, there ate several hundred commercial products, and approximately one hundred producers and distributors. 

Health and Safety Factors and Environmental Considerations. The toxicological properties of alginates have been extensively investigated, and it has been estabUshed that alginates are safe to use in foods (28). 

Attempts to broaden the range of materials available as dye precursors have been made (34,35). Oxidative dyes based on pyridine derivatives produce less sensitization than those based on benzene derivatives (36) however, they lack tinctorial power, lightfastness, and availabihty. Derivatives of tetra am in opyrim i din e are claimed to act as primary intermediates to give intense shades with good fastness and excellent toxicological properties (37). 

Table 3 shows the toxicological properties of selected ketones. A detailed review of the physiological effects of exposure to methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone has been documented (6). 

Health and Safety Factors. MEK is slightly more toxic than acetone, but is not considered highly toxic, and nor does it exhibit cumulative toxicological properties. The OSHA time weighted average iu air is 200 ppm other measured toxicity values are shown iu Table 3. Methyl ethyl ketone is highly flammable. 

Table 16. Toxicological Properties of Cyclic Ketones Compared with Aliphatic Ketones ...

The rate and extent of pesticide metaboHsm can vary dramatically, depending on chemical stmcture, the number of specific pesticide-degrading microorganisms present and their affinity for the pesticide, and environmental parameters. The extent of metaboHsm can vary from relatively minor transformations which do not significantly alter the chemical or toxicological properties of the pesticide, to mineralisation, ie, degradation to CO2, H2O, NH" 4, Cf, etc. The rate of metaboHsm can vary from extremely slow (half-life of years) to rapid (half-life of days). 

Health and Safety Factors (Toxicology). The toxicological properties of ammonium thiosulfate are generally considered to be the same as those of sodium thiosulfate and thiosulfates in general (42). 

Neady every significant class of dyes and pigments has some members that function as sensitizers. Toxicological data are often included in surveys of dyes (84), reviews of toxic substance identification programs (85), and in material safety data sheets provided by manufacturers of dyes. More specific data about toxicological properties of sensitizing dyes are contained in the Engchpedia under the specific dye classes (see Cyanine dyes Polymethine dyes Xanthene dyes). 

D. D. Lockwood and H. W. Taylor, Toxicological Properties and Industrial Handling Hazards of D.E.R 361 Epoyj Resin, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., 1982. 

Liquid carbon dioxide is discussed on page 261. Carbon dioxide gas is commonly used for carbonating drinks, in fire extinguishers, for gas-shielding of welding and in shell moulding in foundries. Its physical and toxicological properties are summarized in Tables 8.5, 8.6 and 5.29. 

While alkyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesives are used globally in a large variety of domestic and commercial settings, their physical and toxicological properties must be considered. Alkyl cyanoacrylate polymerization is a very exothermic reaction, so care must be taken to prevent the contamination of large quantities with any materials, which might initiate a very rapid, runaway reaction. Also, alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers and the polymers which they form, will burn, and users should avoid their use near sparks or open flames. 

Not all contaminants or chemicals are created equal in their capacity to cause adi ersc effects. Thus, cleanup standards or action levels are based in part on the compounds toxicological properties. Toxicity data are derived largely from animal experiments in which llie aninuils (primarily mice mid rats) are exposed to increasingly liighcr concentrations or doses. Responses or effects can vary widely from no obscn ablc effect to temporary and reversible effects, to permanent injury to organs, to chronic functional impairment to ultimately, death. 

Obtaining data on the chemical and toxicological properties of sulfuric acid... 

Data on the chemical, physical, and toxicological properties of all raw materials, intermediates, and products... 

Pharmacological activity spectrum and toxicological properties of benzimidazole derivatives 99KFZ(5)6. 

What are the magnitude and/or pattern of the alteration in a particular pathway in relation to treatments with other compounds (related or unrelated) with known pharmacological or toxicological properties ... 

Toxicology Many companies are known to use gene expression profiling to assess the potential toxicity of lead compounds. This approach may require a database of reference compounds with known pharmacological and toxicological properties. Lead compounds can be compared to the database to predict compound-related or mechanism-related toxicity [5]. 

This module should contain data from all of the non-dinical studies conducted to investigate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of the dmg substance/ product. The standard headings used to present this information are shown in Figure 6.4. Study reports should be presented in the following order according to species and route of administration ... 

Chapter 1 Public Health Statement The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance s relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. 

Studies on the chlorodibenzodioxins have led to the following conclusions (1) 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzo-p-di-oxin have a low acute toxicity (2) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has an unusually high toxicity (3) hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is highly toxic but less toxic than 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (4) all chlorodibenzodioxins are not alike in their toxicological properties. Isomers of the same dibenzo-p-dioxin vary in toxicological properties, making it important to identify them specifically. 

---