Superfund site

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. In response to an EPA mandate in SARA, Ha2ardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) regulations were issued. These address emergency responders, training of those working at Superfund sites, and cleanup operations. 

Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series," Volume II "Estimation of Baseline Air Emission at Superfund Sites," EPA-450/l-89-002a, August 1990. Volume III "Estimation of Air Emissions from Clean-up Activities at Superfund Sites," EPA-450/1-89-003, January 1989. Volume IV "Procedures for Conducting Air Pathway Analyses for Superfund Applications," EPA-450/1-89-004, July 1989. 

Summerhays, B. E., Procedures for estimating emissions from the cleanup of Superfund sites, /. Air Waste Management Assoc. 40(1), January 1990. 

This section provides an overview of the engineering technologies and applications that are currently applicable to the study and remediation of releases of hazardous wastes and constituents from RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) facilities and those sites which parallel Superfund sites. Activities which would be termed removal actions or expedited response actions under CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Recovery-Cleanup and Liability Act) are also covered in this section. Information presented in this section represent excerpts from document EPA/625/4-89/020 (September 1989). 

Actions at a RCRA facility may culminate in its return to normal operating status while at most Superfund sites (and at some RCRA facilities undergoing Corrective Action), these activities typically culminate in final cleanup or closure of the site. These and other factors might lead to selection and implementation of different corrective measures at otherwise similar RCRA and Superfund sites. 

In order to develop measures for removal of debris from the waste matrix, the general types of debris anticipated need to be identified. A composite list, based on debris found at 29 Superfund sites, was developed. The list includes cloth, glass, ferrous materials, nonferrous materials, metal objects, construction debris, electrical devices, wood existing in a number of different forms, rubber, plastic, paper, etc., as presented in Table 11. Similar types of debris would be expected at RCRA sites. 

For large superfund sites, the proeess ean be similar to the DOE proeess as deseribed. Onee the site has been adequately assessed, a remedy ean be ehosen. This remedy ean vary but eould inelude a removal or stabilization phase, a treatment phase, a maintenanee phase, and, finally, dismantlement and deeontamination phases. 

The authors believe that although the following information is speeifie to superfund sites, the general findings are universal. As you review this information, you will notiee some areas of bold print. Within these bolded areas, the authors have added their own analysis, eomments, and lessons learned while performing field aetivities at sites of all sizes that deal with hazardous materials. 

Exeept for the bolded seetions, the following information was taken direetly from a report entitled EPA/LABOR Superfund Elealth and Safety Taskforee OSHA Audits of Superfund Sites 1993 to 1996, dated August 25, 1997. The report is lengthy, so the authors have only ineluded parts of the report they felt to be pertinent to the subjeets within the main body of the book. 

The new law is more specific than tlie original statute witli regard to remedies to be used at Superfund sites, public participation, and accomplislmicnt of cleanup activities. The most important part of SARA with respect to public participation is Title III. wliich addresses the important issues of community awareness and participation in the event of a chemical release. 

Refcreiiee Dose (RfD) The USEPA s preferred toxicity value for evaluating noncarcinogcnic effects resulting from exposures at Superfund sites. 

Highly quantitative statistical micertainty analysis is usually not practical or necessary for Superfund site risk assessments for a nmnber of... 

Arenal, C.A., Halbrook, R.S., and Woodruff, J.J. (2004). European starling avian model and monitor of PCB contamination at a superfund site. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 93-104. 

Bello, S.M., Franks, D.G., and Stegemann, J.J. et al. (2001). Acquired resistance to Ah receptor agonists in a population of Atlantic kilfifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting a Superfund site in vivo and in vitro studies on the inducibifity of drug metabohsing... 

Magar VS, GW Johnson, RFC Brenner, JF Quensen, EA Foote, G Durell, JA Ickes, C Peven-Mccarthy (2005a) Long-term recovery of PCB-contaminated sediments at the Lake Hartwell superfund site PCB dechlorination. 1. End-member characterization. Environ Sci Technol 39 3538-3547. 

Wick LY, PM Gschwend (1998) Source and chemodynamic behaviour of diphenyl sulfone and ortho- and /lara-hydroxybiphenyl in a small lake receiving discharges from an adjacent superfund site. Environ Sci Technol 32 1319-1328. 

Jackson, W.A. and Pardue, J.H.S.U., Assessment of metal inhibition of reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene at a Superfund site, Environ Toxicol Chem, 17 (8), 1441-1446, 1998. 

Preliminary assessments have been conducted at more than 31,000 sites reported as possible sources of contamination. In 1990 there were over 1100 sites (presenting the greatest health risk and hence eligible for Superfund reimbursement) on the NPL.8-9 The NCP has outlined the level of cleanup necessary at Superfund sites and established the basic procedures that have to be followed for the discovery, notification, response, and remediation of the hazardous waste sites.10... 

Source U.S. EPA, Estimating Potential for Occurrence of DNAPL at Superfund Sites, EPA Publication 9355.4-07FS, U.S. EPA, Washington, January 1992. Many of these chemicals are found mixed with other chemicals or carrier oils. 

The means of transporting hazardous waste into the incinerator plant should be carefully considered. Routes of access should be selected to minimize accident (release) potential and to avoid residential and play areas if possible. For the remediation of Superfund sites, for which no over-the-road hauling is required, care is still needed to avoid spills and releases when transporting the wastes on-site. 

Hastings Groundwater Contamination Superfund Site, Hastings, ME MSW landfill Design NA... 

Superfund Site, Idaho Falls, ID Industrial Excess Landfill, Superfund Site, OH Industrial waste landfill Proposed NA... 

Marine Corps Logistics Base Superfund Site, GA MSW and hazardous Proposed NA... 

Operating Industries Inc. Landfill Superfund Site, CA MSW landfill Operational May 2000... 

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