Petroleum properties

Equations and property data are included for 39 hydrocarbons, 10 nonhydrocarbons, and petroleum fractions. Petroleum properties are predicted by equations derived from correlations that are in the Technical Data Book of the American Petroleum Institute (1). 

Vapour pressure is a key property in VLB calculations and is thus an important petroleum property. The most common method for prediction of vapour pressures is the corresponding states method. The method requires knowledge of the critical properties and the acentric factor. For petroleum fractions, the Maxwell-BonnelF method is standard. 

Several CAPE OPEN standards have been developed for various components of a modelling system. The most widely applied standards are those for thermodynamics and unit operations. Examples of the application and value of implementation of open standards will be given. The success of these standards has generated demand for extensions to the standards and the development of new standards. These include extensions for dynamic unit operations, inclusion of petroleum properties in the implemented standards and application for hydrodynamics. 

In this appendix we present the results of the work of Smith and Watson and associates who related petroleum properties to a factor known as the characterization factor (sometimes called the UOP characterization factor). It is defined as... 

Health assessment efforts are frequently frustrated by three primary problems (1) the inability to identify and quantify the individual compounds released to the environment as a consequence of a petroleum spill (2) the lack of information characterizing the fate of the individual compounds in petroleum mixtures and (3) the lack of specific health guidance values for the majority of chemicals present in petroleum products. To define the public health implications associated with exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of petroleum properties, compositions, and the physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological properties of the compounds most often identified as the key chemicals of concern. 

Figure 1,2. Illustration of the general relationship of petroleum properties...

In addition to traditional monitoring analyses and standardised measurement of the various petroleum properties, modern analytical models now also include determination of the chemical composition of feedstock and recipes. 

Only then can we sensibly compare the predicted petroleum properties and their variations with the actual data from individual reservoirs. 

The perfect mixing model frequently provides a poor fit to the distribution of petroleum properties in vertically stacked reservoirs and fails to account for the compositional grading within the individual reservoirs of the stack. Conversely, the second end-member model often fits the observed data surprisingly well, considering that it implies no mixing at all. This supports the contention that the petroleum in many, if not all, fields is poorly mixed. We show two examples here. 

Fig. 10. Comparison of petroleum properties from the Tampen Spur calibration set, Snorre Field samples and the predictions of the cumulative and instantaneous tuned models.

Chem. Descrip. Lauryl methacrylate CAS 142-90-5 EINECS/ELINCS 205-570-6 Uses Additive for paints, adhesives, lubricating oils, petroleum Properties Lt. yel. clear liq. sol. in ethanol, n-hexane, xylene f.p. -6 C acid no. 0.5 max. sapon. no. 215 Toxicology TSCA listed... 

Definition Semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum Properties YIsh. to It. amber or wh. semisolid, unctuous mass pract. odorless and tasteless sol. in benzene, chloroform, ether, petrol, ether, oils pract. insol. in water insol. in alcohol dens. 0.820-0.865 (60/25 C) m.p. 38-54 C soften, pt. 65-70 C ref. index 1.460-1.474 (60 C) Toxicoiogy LD50 (IP, mouse) > 50 g/kg can cause allergic skin reactions... 

Definition General term for commercial propane, butane, or mixtures can be liquefied at normal temp, by mod. pressure increase, or at normal pressure by cooling occurs naturally in oil or gas fields or obtained from refining petroleum Properties Colorless odorless (normally odorized for leak detection) vapor pressure 593 kPa (20 C) Toxicoiogy Nontoxic but can cause asphyxiation Precaution Flamm. LFL 2.1 vol.%, UFL 9.2 vol.% (15 C, 101 kPa in air) volatile heavier than air... 

Clark, R.C. and Brown, D.W. (1977) Petroleum properties and analysis in biotic and abiotic systems, in Malins, D.C., Ed., Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subartic Environments and Organisms. Vol. 1. Nature and Fate of Petroleum. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-89. 

In Fig. 23, spectra of two different grades of U.S. gasoline are shown, de Bakker and Fredericks [90] demonstrated that it was possible to perform a variety of petroleum property measurements, including research octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), density, benzene content, and flexible volatile index (FVI), using fiber-optical FT-Raman spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares analysis to reduce sample fluorescence. The potential for on-line measurement of these properties was mentioned by both Cooper et al. [89] and de Bakker and Fredericks [90], Cooper et al. [89,92,93] compared Raman spectroscopy to both mid-IR and near-IR for the measurement of several parameters in fuel mixtures including aromatic concentrations, octane number, and vapor pressures. Cooper et al. similarly utilized partial least squares to accomplish the data analysis. In this series of articles. Cooper et al. described their attempts to quantify mid-IR, near-... 

C-J de Bakker, PM Fredericks. Determination of petroleum properties by fiber-optic Fourier transform Raman spectrometry and partial least squares analysis. Appl Spectrosc 49 1766-1771, 1995. 

Uses Emulsifier for min. oils, benzene, and petroleum Properties Liq 69% cone. 

Several books have been published during the years, dealing with detailed explanations about the physical and chemical characterization of petroleum (Speight, 1999, 2001) as well as methods and correlations for prediction of petroleum properties (Riazi, 2004). Therefore, this section will not describe in detail all the properties of heavy crude oils, but only those relevant issues that need to be taken into consideration when processing these heavy materials. First, a general overview of the most common physical and chemical properties is summarized. And later, more details are given on those properties and how to calculate them that are crucial for heavy petroleum. 

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