Public health implications

Many critical data needs were identified by the Expert Panel in its series of reports. Human data is quite hmited, and exposure data is not nearly as robust as is 

Health and Safety Issues with Plasticizers and Plasticized Materiais 

Steiner I, Soharf L, Fiala F, Washuttl J, FoodAddit Contam, 15, 812-817 (1998). 

Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (Update). 1-295. 2002. 

Andersen ME, Krishnan K, Conolly RB, McClellan BO, Arch Toxicol Suppl, 15, 217-227 (1992). 

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The public health implications of dietary phytoestrogens have received a great deal of attention over the last few years. However, despite substantial data from epidemiological and experimental studies, the biological effects of phytoestrogens remain equivocal. 

Rosen JF. 1989. Metabolic abnormalities in lead toxic children Public health implications. Bull N Y Acad Med 65 1067-1084. 

Incidence, epidemiology and public health implications of foodbome diseases linked to food products from ruminant livestock... 

The guiding principle for responding to severe release or explosion threats is one of due diligence—or What is a suitable and sensible response to a threat As discussed above, some response to chemical contamination threats is warranted due to the public health implications of an actual contamination incident. However, a chemical facility could spend a lot of time and money overresponding to every threat, which would be an ineffective use of resources. Furthermore, overresponse to threats carries its own adverse impacts. 

The collection of physical evidence is not generally considered time sensitive however, site characterization and sampling activities are time sensitive due to the public health implications of contaminated environmental media air, water, and/or soil. Thus, collection of environmental media samples may precede collection of physical evidence, and care must be taken not to disturb the crime scene while performing these activities. If samples can be collected outside of the boundaries of the suspected crime scene, this may avoid concerns about the integrity of the crime scene. 

Wainberg, M.A. and Friedland, G., Public health implications of antiretroviral therapy and HIV drug resistance, JAMA, 279,1977-1983,1998. 

The saxitoxins from dinoflagellates of the genus Protogonyaulax may accumulate in shellfish and, being potent neurotoxins, pose a serious threat to public health. Six of the saxitoxins are sulfamates which have relatively low toxicity, but are easily hydrolyzed to the respective carbamates with corresponding increases in potency. This paper presents some of the chemistry and public health implications of these toxins. 

Elemental mercury is used industrially in electric lamps and switches, gauges and controls (e.g. thermometers, barometers, thermostats), battery production, nuclear weapons production, and the specialty chemical industry, including the production of caustic soda. Because elemental mercury has a high affinity for gold and silver, it has been, and continues to be, used in precious metal extraction from ore. Elemental mercury has been used for over one hundred years in mercury-silver amalgam preparations to repair dental caries. Mercury continues to be used in folk remedies and in certain cultural practices, with unknown public health implications. 

Additional possible public health implications of the concepts presented in this paper will be published as they come to light. 

De Rosa, . T. Johnson, B. L., Fay, M., Hansen, H. and Mumtaz, M. M. (1996) Public health implications of hazardous waste sites Findings, assessment and research , Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol 34, ppl 131—1138... 

Hollowell G, Norman W, Staehling W, et al. 1998. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications Iodine excretion data from national health and nutrition examination surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(10) 3401-3408. 

Sherman JD. 1991. Polybrominated biphenyl exposure and human cancer Report of a case and public health implications. Toxicol Ind Health 7(3) 197-205. 

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. 1967. The relation between infantile hypercalcemia and vitamin D—public health implications in North America. Pediatrics 40, 1050-1061. 

G. Ross, The public health implications of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 59 (2004) 275-291. 

The committee acknowledges that there has been substantial research developing biomarkers further along the exposure-effect continuum, including prominent work by Gan et al. (2004) Hecht (2003) Joseph et al. (2005) Kensler et al. (2005) Qian et al. (1994) Rappaport et al. (2005) and Yu et al. (1995). The ultimate objective of the biomonitoring research is to link biomarkers of exposure to biomarkers of effect and susceptibility to understand the public-health implications of exposure to environmental chemicals. 

Johnson, B.L., 1998. Public health implications of persistent toxic substances in the Great lakes and St. Lawrence basins. J. Great Lakes Res. 24, 698-722. 

The Agency for Toxic Substances andDisease Registry (ATSDR)has adopted thispolicy guideline to assess the public health implications of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in residential soils near or on hazardous waste sites. These compounds include... 

If a completed or potentially completed exposure pathway is identified, then the extent of exposure and public health implications are further evaluated. 

Where estimated levels of exposure in soil fall in the range of greater than 50 ppt to less than 1 part per billion (ppb) TEQs (Table 1), a weight-of-evidence approach is recommended to evaluate the exposure and the public health implications of the exposure. 

Step 3. Defining public health implications/actions... 

L. D. Hall, P. J. Watson, and J. A. Tyler, Magnetic resonance imaging and the progression of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and ageing, in D. Hamerman, (Ed.), Osteoarthritis Public Health Implications for an Ageing Population, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA, 1997, pp. 215-229 (Chapter 12). 

West K, Howard G, and Sommer A (1989) Vitamin A and infection public health implications. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 9, 63-86. 

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