Importance to industry

Process documentation and knowledge As defined by CCPS guidelines, this element includes collection and retention of information important to industrial hygiene management... 

Accuracy and reproducibility are of vital importance to industry. Quite apart from the effect of these factors on the final product, several plant items are frequently links in a continuous chain of production processes. A sizing error in one machine, for example, could overstress and damage the succeeding machinery. Similarly, an error in a press may increase stress on the tool and could necessitate an additional operation to remove excessive flash . Wear in a material preparation unit could allow oversize material to be passed to a molding machine, creating an overload situation with consequent damage. 

The complexity and versatility of materials made by nature are the envy of scientists. We are only beginning to be able to create materials that have the strong yet porous structure of bone or the strength and flexibility of spider silk (Section 19.13). However, some materials are not strong they are soft and flexible. These materials, some of which are described in the following two sections, are also important to industry and medicine and some are vital to life. 

Radiation synthesis has been reviewed by Wagner (1969), Vershchinskii (1972), Wilson (1972), and Chutny and Kucera (1974). A good summary is also available in Spinks and Woods (1990). On the theoretical side, radiation-induced reactions of importance to industry can be classified as addition reactions, sub-sitution reactions, and other reactions including polymerization, cross-linking,... 

It is hard to imagine a period of time in which catalysis has been more important to industry and academia. There is increased attention to clean fuels/energy and fundamental research into characterization and synthesis of advanced materials. The chapters in this volume reflect these facts ... 

IDS Series B is a companion project to the International Data Series A. Series A reports data on nonaqueous organic mixtures. It is published by the Thermodynamics Research Center at Texas A M University in College Station, Texas. The Executive Officer is Professor Bruno J. Zwolinski. The general objectives and manner of processing data are quite similar for the two series of IDS. Series A started publication in 1973 and about 750 data sheets have been issued. Other sections, or series, of IDS are planned, including a series on electrolytes, one on metal alloys, and one on mixtures of special importance to industry. The editor-in-chief of IDS Series A is Henry V. Kehiaian of Marseille, France. 

A combination of known extractants can increase the net extraction both in degree and kinetics through synergistic extraction. This subject also is poorly explored, though it is of considerable importance to industrial solvent extraction processes. 

There is no question from what we have heard that university research is of increasing importance to industry and that this is controversial. Big companies have been neglecting basic research. For example, the number of publications from IBM and Bell Laboratories dropped by a factor of 2 between 1985 and 1995. At this rate it is clear that universities will be of increasing importance to industrial research. Within the industrial portfolio, there are high-risk/high-reward investments and there are low-risk/incremental improvement investments. Universities can, in principle, be leveraged for benefits in both scenarios, but in reality universities are much better suited to the former. 

The development of catalytic systems using neat water as solvent is of high importance to industrial and environmentally friendly applications. In this respect, water is perhaps the ultimate solvent because of its lack of toxicity and ready availability. Leadbeater has published several papers where the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction has been optimized for aqueous conditions [9,120]. Aryl bromides and iodides were coupled and the corresponding products isolated in good yields with an attractive ligandless protocol. Some reactions gave increased yields with the addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) [121], Recently, an application for a scaled-up Suzuki-Miyaura synthesis in water using an automated batch stop-flow apparatus was also published (Scheme 46) [89]. 

Although aspects of the processes suffered by radical pairs in polymeric media have been investigated for many years, and information about those processes is of fundamental importance to industry and new technologies, the field is still in its infancy. Few studies have delved into the detailed mechanisms by which radical pairs move and interact in the confining environments of bulk polymers. 

The introduction of HPIEC has overcome many disadvantages such as longer period of production, lower efficiency, and higher cost, that are encountered with CIEC. Under the conditions studied in this chapter, production efficiency can be increased by a factor of hundreds. HPIEC has provided new and more useful ways of separating the RE elements. Once separated, the purities of RE products can reach 99.9-99-99%. The problem of separating Gd-Eu without prior reduction of Eu has been solved. This development is not only of fundamental significance, but is also important to industrial practice. 

This year the physicochemical treatment of water remains the major feature on the agenda, but we are also concentrating on more specific environmental problems such as the techniques and phenomena related to hazardous waste and use of fossil fuel, a subject of concern to our co-sponsors, Drs. Hartstein (of DOE) and Jackson. This is of high current interest and acute importance to industrialized countries, which are most often the major users on the one hand, as well as to Third World-countries, which are often the producers on the other. This combined approach will enable participants to hold interdisciplinary discussions and exchanges among specialists of diverse subdisciplines. 

All three products of the electrolysis of brine—hydrogen gas, chlorine gas, and sodium hydroxide—are substances that are commercially important to industry. 

Knowledge of the aluminium species present under alkaline conditions is of critical importance to industrial chemical operations such as the Bayer process in which the aluminium present in bauxite ores is dissolved in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. Al NMR has been used to investigate the A1 coordination states in the resulting sodium aluminates after freeze drying (Bradley and Hanna 1994). At an OH Al ratio > 4.4, the predominant species is Na[Al(OH)4] (Q ) with a Al resonance at 86.6 ppm. A broader resonance at 71.3 ppm is probably composed of a variety of other poly-oxoanionic species such as [Al(OH2)(OAl)2] (Q ), [Al20(0H)6] (Q ) and... 

The economic importance of chemical nomenclature to industry is discussed. A standardized nomenclature is necessary for the internal communications and the permanent records of a large industrial organization. It is important in communications with others, particularly when large numbers of compounds are involved. Efficient use of the published literature is important to industry, and this in turn is dependent upon the use of good nomenclature by authors and editors. 

There is still another aspect of nomenclature which is of importance to industry and that is the names and terms as they appear in printed literature. There is no point in reciting here the inadequacies of the nomenclature of our current literature. Untold man-hours are being wasted because of this. One wonders how long it will be before the situation is improved by common effort. 

The determination of hardness is a useful analytical test that provides a measure of the quality of water for household and industrial uses. The test is important to industry because hard water, on being heated, precipitates calcium carbonate, which clogs boilers and pipes. 

In most other processes, the presence of moisture in filler either requires a process correction in the amount of the active ingredient or the moisture must be removed. In the case of hygroscopic fillers (which are very important to industry), the surface of the filler must be treated to lower moisture uptake. Montmorillonite, glass beads and fibers, silica, titanium dioxide, aramid fiber, mbber particles, and carbon fiber were studied to improve their moisture absorption and impart the hydrophobic properties. "... 

Requirements associated with Title V are of vital importance to industry, state, and local agencies. A facility s air permit defines the air pollutant threshold limits available to it. The permit declares essential operational parameters of the holder s facility with regard to product and raw material throughputs, and establishes the basic relationships between those throughputs and regulated pollutant emissions amounts. 

Bacteria are capable of bringing about chemical reactions of amazing variety and sublety in an extremely short time... Many bacteria are of very great importance to industry where they perform tasks which would take much time and trouble by ordinary chemical methods. ... 

Fine Chemicals.—The many substances we have mentioned under the heading of chemical products, represent only a very small proportion of those in common use, and do not include all that are employed in the laboratory, or those at present of purely scientific interest, which are very numerous. We say at present purposely, for no one can tell how soon they may find practical application. The value of research for its own sake has already been shown in the many examples we have cited of the discovery of elements and compounds, at first merely regarded as scientific curiosities, but sooner or later proved to be of incalculable importance to industry and to the world. So much depends on the accuracy of analytical results, that an adequate supply of chemicals in a sufficiently pure state to be used as reagents is an essential requirement in all laboratories. The statement should be too obvious to mention, but it must be remembered that we buy and sell on analytical data we check and control vast technical operations on such data, and must be able to rely on... 

The disciplines necessary to ensure registration of a product require the efficient research establishment to follow highly detailed routines of GLP. These routines reproduce in the laboratory environment the procedures, disciplines and systems comparable with the manufacturing operation. They have proved important to industrial research in maintaining consistency of manufacturing standards and product reproducibility. 

HI. Torula. These are sometimes called pseudo or false yeasts. Their only importance to industry is as trouble makers. 

The remaining seven chapters deal with individual topics important to industrial practice, such as design, mixing, precipitation, crystallizer control, and batch crystallization. In addition, topics that have become important in recent years, such as melt crystallization and the crystallization of biomolecules are also included. Each chapter is self-contained but assumes that the reader has knowledge of the fundamentals discussed in the first part of the book. 

As in the first edition, the first four chapters provide an introduction to newcomers to the field, giving fundamental information and background needed to access and understand the field s technical literature. The remaining nine chapters deal with individual topics important to industrial crystallization and assume a working knowledge of the fundamentals presented in chapters 1-4. 

Of all pure chemicals water must surely be considered the essence of terrestrial life. Of Empedocles s original four elements it is the only one which we would still recognize as being a single pure discrete species, although of course, at the molecular level rather than at the atomic. Water is not only essential to biochemical processes, but is of primary importance to industrial and economic chemistry. There is thus some practical justification for the habitual aquocentricity of classical solution chemistry which chooses high dilution in water as the standard state for most studies. The economic importance of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids as heavy... 

LC is the most widely used of all of the analytical separation techniques. The reasons for the popularity of the method are its sensitivity, its ready adaptability to accurate quantitative determinations, its case of automation, its suitability for separating nonvolatile species or thermally fragile ones, and above all. its widespread applicability to substances that are important to industry, to many fields of science, and to the public. Examples of such materials include amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, drugs, terpenoids, pesticides, antibiotics, steroids, inetal-organic species, and a variety of inorganic substances,... 

A priori, it would have been expected that the greatest drive towards intercalibration should have occurred in those areas most important to industry, such as petroleum hydrocarbon and organochlorine compounds in seawater, sediments, and marine organisms. Much has been done in this area (see, e.g. [5-15]), but the topic is covered in greater detail in the chapter by Zitko in this volume. The combination of the availability of reference materials and the participation in intercalibration exercises has resulted in a great improvement in both the accuracy and precision of these analyses. 

Certain problems of education and research In the university are examined In terms of their Importance to Industry, the preparation of the student-then-employee, and academic and Industrial requirements and customs with regard to the generation and dissemination of knowledge. 

This book is designed to be suitable for students and researchers. It is highly recommended as a reference book and for teaching the fascinating topics related to carbohydrates, heterocycles and organic synthesis. In addition to its importance in academia, it is also an excellent source for information about the variety of methods used in the synthesis of heterocycles important to industry. 

Most of the reaction of other industrialized countries with the exception of Japan and to a lesser extent Korea is to protect - to provide for the common welfare by protection rather than encouraging the new. Most countries are now supporting basic technology, that is technology that is important to industrial development but not important to space, defense or health. 

---