Related topics

Statistics are employed both to check the quality and to set the requirements (synonymous with specifications ). 

Chapters 1 and 2 introduced the basic statistical tools. The necessary computer can do more than just run statistics packages in this chapter, a number of techniques are explained that tap the benefits of fast data handling, namely filtering, optimization, and simulation. 

Of all the requirements that have to be fulfilled by a manufacturer, starting with responsibilities and reporting relationships, warehousing practices, service contract policies, airhandUng equipment, etc., only a few of those will be touched upon here that directly relate to the analytical laboratory. Key phrases are underlined or are in italics Acceptance Criteria, Accuracy, Baseline, Calibration, Concentration range. Control samples. Data Clean-Up, Deviation, Error propagation. Error recovery. Interference, Linearity, Noise, Numerical artifact. Precision, Recovery, Reliability, Repeatability, Reproducibility, Ruggedness, Selectivity, Specifications, System Suitability, Validation. 

Selectivity and Interference Selectivity means that only that species is measured which the analyst is looking for. A corollary is the absence of chemical interferents. A lack of selectivity is often the cause of nonlinearity of the calibration curve. Near infra-red spectroscopy is a technology that exemplifies how seemingly trivial details of the experimental set-up can frustrate an investigator s best intentions Ref. 124 discusses some factors that influence the result. 

Nonlinear calibration curves are not forbidden, but they do complicate things quite a bit more calibration points are necessary, and interpolation from signal to concentration is often tedious. It would be improper to apply 

Based on the approach presented here, a first-order phase transition can be reduced to an isentropic transition and possibly to a second-order phase 

Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge the collaborative Research Grant No. 890239 by NATO Scientific Affairs Division, which made this chapter possible. One of us (W.LJ) acknowledges further the continuous support of his work provided by the U.S. Department 

Koster, U. Herold in Glassy Metals I, ed by H.-J. Guntherodt and H. Beck, Topic Appl. Phys. 46 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1980) Chap. 9 

Bormann Thermodynamik metastabiler Phasen Habilitationsschrift, Universitat Gottingen (1988) 

Hafner, From Hamiltonians to Phase Diagrams Springer Ser. Solid-State Sd ,Vol 70 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1990) 

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Himpsei F J 1991 Unoccupied eiectronic states at surfaces Surface Physics and Related Topics. Festschrift for Xide Xie ed F-J Yang, G-J Ni, X Wang, K-M Zhang and D Lu (Singapore Worid Scientific) p 179... 

Condon E U 1947 The Franck-Condon principle and related topics Am. J. Phys. 15 365-79... 

C.-M. Brauner and C. Schmidt-Laine, Mathematical Modeling in Combustion and Related Topics, Martinus Hijhoff Pubhshers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988. 

Walters, W.P., Explosive Loading of Metals and Related Topics, US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory Special Publication BRL-SP-56, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 130 pp.. May 1986. 

This chapter covers a description of conventional measurement techniques used in ventilation as well as othei related topics such as flow visualization, laser- based measurement techniques, and scale model experiments. 

Provides information about drinking water regulations and related topics. Hours 9 00 a.m. through 5 30p.m. EST, weekdays except Federal holidays. 

However, tliese latter procedures are more risk related topics, and are tlierefore treated later in tlie cliapter. 

The phrase symmetry adapted basis functions refers to those linear combinations of basis functions (on several atoms) that transform like the particular irreducible representation of the appropriate point group. Molecular symmetry is used at various points in these calculations twenty years ago I would have had to write several chapters on molecular symmetry, point groups, constructing symmetry-adapted combinations of basis functions, factoring a Hamiltonian matrix using symmetry and related topics. The point is that twenty... 

Chapter 1 expands on the above introduced concept of "configurations which are equivalent with respect to a permutation group". General rules are established and some related topics are mentioned. 

Beyond career preparation, an objective of a college education is to make you a better informed citizen. In this text, we ll look at some of the chemistry-related topics referred to on the evening news—... 

Many authoritative accounts of both general and specific aspects of the reactions of solids and related topics appear as plenary lectures and research papers in the series of International Symposia on the Reactivity of Solids [82—86]. The material presented at these meetings reflects contemporary interests in a diverse and developing field, so that changes in emphasis are to be discerned in the content of the successive symposia held at four-yearly intervals. Reference can also be made here to the conference on Reaction Kinetics in Heterogeneous Chemical Systems in which useful review material is found [87],... 

There have been remarkably few reviews of the chemistry of decompositions and interactions of solids. The present account is specifically concerned with the kinetic characteristics described in the literature for the reactions of many and diverse compounds. Coverage necessarily includes references to a variety of relevant and closely related topics, such as the background theory of the subject, proposed mechanistic interpretations of observations, experimental methods with their shortcomings and errors, etc. In a survey of acceptable length, however, it is clearly impossible to explore in depth all features of all reports concerned with the reactivity and reactions of all solids. We believe that there is a need for separate and more detailed reviews of topics referred to here briefly. The value of individual publications in the field, which continue to appear in a not inconsiderable flow, would undoubtedly be enhanced by their discussion in the widest context. Systematic presentation and constructive comparisons of observations and reports, which are at present widely dispersed, would be expected to produce significant correlations and conclusions. Useful advances in the subject are just as likely to emerge in the form of generalizations discerned in the wealth of published material as from further individual studies of specific systems. Perhaps potential reviewers have been deterred by the combination of the formidable volume and the extensive dispersal of the information now available. 

Since completion of the manuscript several special reviews have appeared on the electrochemistry of conducting polymers and related topics A further... 

X 10 Pa/m), P 15m/s. In many instances, the observed wind is indeed close to the geostrophic wind and it is often useful to have maps of isobars so thaf the transport trajectory can be approximated from Vg. For a complete derivation and explanation of the geostrophic wind, departures from it and related topics, the reader is referred to textbooks on meteorology (e.g., Wallace and Hobbs, 1977). 

Based on this experience, a computerized program was further developed on related topics to examine how students solved problems in particle distribution with a different orientation of the apparatus and pressures of gas particles. Case 2 below states the major design and findings of this follow-up study. 

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