Industrial development

Chemical processes will in the future need to be designed as part of a sustainable industrial development which retains the capacity of ecosystems to support industrial activity and life. This book therefore places a high emphasis on waste minimization and energy efficiency in the context of good economic performance and good health and safety practices. 

Another way in which academic chemists keep in touch with industry is through consulting. During the years I consulted at different times for Exxon, Chevron, Cyanamid, ENICHEM (Italy), and Pechiney-Kuhlman (Erance, when a friend, Lucien Sobel, was a research director). I enjoyed these contacts, because they kept me aware of current industrial developments and interests. At the same time, it was also rewarding to be able to suggest to my industrial friends new approaches and directions that on occasion were useful and resulted in practical applications. 

Copper acetate, ferrous acetate, silver acetate [563-63-3] basic aluminum acetate, nickel acetate [373-02-4] cobalt acetate, and other acetate salts have been reported to furnish anhydride when heated. In principle, these acetates could be obtained from low concentration acetic acid. CompHcations of soHds processing and the scarcity of knowledge about these thermolyses make industrial development of this process expensive. In the eady 1930s, Soviet investigators discovered the reaction of dinitrogen tetroxide [10544-72-6] and sodium acetate [127-09-3] to form anhydride ... 

J. E. Teeple, The Industrial Development ofSearles Take Brines (ACS Monogr. Series), University Microfilms Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1979. 

The modem fermentation industries developed from the early era of antibiotics. Over 4000 antibiotics have been discovered since the 1950s. However, only about 100 are produced on a commercial scale and over 40 of these are prepared by a combination of microbial synthesis and chemical modifications. Antibiotics produced by fermentation and used as starting materials in chemical syntheses are given in Table 2. 

Israel Mining Industries developed a process in which hydrochloric acid, instead of sulfuric acid, was used as the acidulant (37). The acidulate contained dissolved calcium chloride which then was separated from the phosphoric acid by use of solvent extraction using a recyclable organic solvent. The process was operated commercially for a limited time, but the generation of HCl fumes was destmctive to production equipment. 

The extremely unusual physical properties of the rare earths are the reason for a number of industrial appHcations where no other element can suffice. Furthermore, although RE chemical properties are rather similar to those of the alkaline earths, some specific properties have pushed the rare earths into large industrial developments. 

V. M. G. Mannar and H. L. Bradley, Guidelines for the Establishment on Solar Salt Facilities from Seawater, Underground Brines and Salted Takes, United Nations Industrial Development Organi2ation, 1983. 

Sulfur [7704-34-9] S, a nonmetallic element, is the second element of Group 16 (VIA) of the Periodic Table, coming below oxygen and above selenium. In massive elemental form, sulfur is often referred to as brimstone. Sulfur is one of the most important taw materials of the chemical industry. It is of prime importance to the fertilizer industry (see Fertilizers) and its consumption is generally regarded as one of the best measures of a nation s industrial development and economic activity (see Sulfur compounds Sulfurremoval and recovery Sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide). 

Despite the cost of desalination technology, it has made water available in places where it was not before. Not only has water become available in these places, but the quantities available have also opened prospects for industrial development. This has led to important improvements in the standard of living with prospects for even further improvements in countries fortunate enough to be able to meet the cost of the technology. 

The decade 1930-1940 saw the initial industrial development of four of today s major thermoplastics polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), the polyolefins and poly(methyl methacrylate). Since all these materials can be considered formally as derivatives of ethylene they have, in the past, been referred to as ethenoid plastics however, the somewhat inaccurate term vinyl plastics is now usually preferred. 

Whilst plastics materials have been associated with electrical and electronic applications since the early days of the electrical industry, developments over the... 

The industrial technique now known as Rapid Solidifieation Proeessing (RSP) is unusual in that it owes its existenee largely to a researeh programme executed in one laboratory for purely scientifie reasons. The manifold industrial developments that followed were an unforeseen and weleome by-produet. 

L. F. Albright, R. V C. Carr, and R. J. Schmitt, Nitration Recent Laboratory and Industrial Developments, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1996. 

UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 1978. Process Technologies for Nitrogen Fertilizers. New York and 1978. Process Technologies for Phosphate Fertilizers. New York. 

UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 1992. 

The subjeet of fluidization and researeh and development in this field, probably reaehed its peak in the early 1980 s with extensive work being applied by the petroleum industry in synthetie fuels development sueh as shale oil, eoal gasifieation, pyrolysis applications. Prior to this, significant development work was done in the petroleum industry for flexieraeking and flexieoking operations. Fluidization still remains an area of aetive researeh and industry development, and the teehnology is well established in a variety of industry seetors. 

When hydrogenation reactions cease to be experimental and enter the stage of industrial development, the cost of the hydrogenation process becomes important. Some of the factors that enter into the determination of this cost are considered here. 

The trends dcinoiistratc the capability of industiy to improve energy efficiency when it has the incentive to do so. Energy requirements can be cut by new process development. In addition, the amount of raw materials demanded by a society tends to decline as countries reach certain stages of industrial development, which leads to a decrease in industrial energy use. The accounting of trends in structural shift, material intensity, and technical energy efficiency... 

Urban, rural and industrial developments may have profound effects on the surrounding environment. Such effects can defeat the object of development, in that the negative environmental impact may outweigh the benefits. In the case of natural resources, inappropriate development may even destroy the resource base. If environmental matters are accorded adequate consideration during the planning and management of development programs and projects it is possible for pollutants to be assimilated. As a result, the whole development can be accommodated by the environment in such a way that adverse effects are minimized and the economic and social benefits of development are maximized. 

Once commissioned, even the best-planned industrial development requires monitoring and management to ensure that its operation continues to be environmentally acceptable. This applies equally to established industries. When unexpected environmental problems develop, a rapid response is required to assess the cause and magnitude of the problem and to devise remedial measures. 

The acceptability of some industrial and ephemeral development projects such as landfill or mineral extraction may depend upon an ability to restore the landscape after exploitation has been completed. As more rural development projects come to fruition, ecologists will become increasingly involved in resource management to ensure that yields are sustained and to avert the undesirable consequences of development. Some industrial developments and rearranged plant layout schemes will not be complicated, but when ecology studies are needed, the employment of specialist consultants is recommended. 

The industrial development of biotransfonmations is hampered currently by lack of commercial availability of biocatalysts at a reasonable price, insufficient operational stability of most biocatalysts and the practical problems associated with the exploitation of cofactor-dependent biocatalysts. 

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