General Objectives

Measures to meet the general requirements for the radiation protection of workers are described in the related Safety Guide on the application of occupational radiation protection principles [3]. The specific aspects of monitoring that relate to exposure due to intakes of radioactive material are described below. 

Monitoring for the estimation of doses from intakes of radionuclides may include one or more of the following techniques  

Measurements can be used to calculate the intake of a radionuchde, which, when multiplied by the appropriate dose coefficient, leads to an estimate of committed effective dose. Dose coefficients for a wide range of radionuclides are given in the BSS [2], and those for selected radionuclides are reproduced in Table A-1 of the Annex. In some circumstances, the results of direct measurement may be used to calculate dose rates to the whole body or to individual organs. 

Examples of situations in which experience has shown that it is necessary to give consideration to routine individual monitoring for internal exposure include the 

Handling of large quantities of gaseous or volatile materials, for example tritium and its compounds in large seale production processes, in heavy water 

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Phase interference in optical or material systems can be utilized to achieve a type of quantum measmement, known as nondemolition measurements ([41], Chapter 19). The general objective is to make a measurement that does not change some property of the system at the expense of some other property(s) that is (are) changed. In optics, it is the phase that may act as a probe for determining the intensity (or photon number). The phase can change in the comse of the measurement, while the photon number does not [126]. 

Chemical binders are appHed to webs in amounts ranging from about 5 to 60 wt %. In some instances when clays (qv) or other weight additives ate included, add-on levels can approach or even exceed the weight of the web. Waterborne binders ate appHed by spray, saturation, print, and foam methods. A general objective of each method is to apply the binder material in a manner sufficient to interlock the fibers and provide chemical and mechanical properties sufficient for the intended use of the fabfic. 

The assessment of risk with respect to nuclear power plants is intended to achieve the following general objectives ... 

Graph Complexity Static Captures intuitive feel of the complexity of a graph Not a-priori clear how to extend to more general objects... 

Remember, the general objective in optimization is to choose a set of values of the variables subject to the various constraints that produce the desired optimum response for the chosen objective function. 

The general objective of all radar detection procedures is to get a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) due to the fact that the test cell almost always contains clutter and noise and only in a very few cases contains radar target echo signals. The statistical model and general detection procedure, in which the detector is fixed only with regard to the noise and clutter statistic and independently to the target statistic, has been developed by Neyman and Pearson. 

IDS Series B is a companion project to the International Data Series A. Series A reports data on nonaqueous organic mixtures. It is published by the Thermodynamics Research Center at Texas A M University in College Station, Texas. The Executive Officer is Professor Bruno J. Zwolinski. The general objectives and manner of processing data are quite similar for the two series of IDS. Series A started publication in 1973 and about 750 data sheets have been issued. Other sections, or series, of IDS are planned, including a series on electrolytes, one on metal alloys, and one on mixtures of special importance to industry. The editor-in-chief of IDS Series A is Henry V. Kehiaian of Marseille, France. 

One can assign any number, character, vector, matrix or a more general object (see below), or function to another object. 

In line with the general objectives in the present chapter we propose to discuss only the leaching and sorption/desorption experiments conducted by Aboul-Kassim [1] and Eldin et al. [66, 67]. In addition, the approach taken by these authors to predict the behavior of toxic compounds in the leachates from various SWMs/COMs is also discussed. 

What is your general objective, based on the information supplied above ... 

Up until more recent history, most of the separators and membranes historically used had not been specifically developed for battery applications. Thus, future research should be aimed at developing separators that are specifically tailored for battery applications. The general objectives of separator research should be as follows (a) to find new and cost-effective separators, (b) to understand the separator properties in batteries, and (c) to optimize separator properties related to specific cell performance, life. 

This PhD project has been financed and created in the context of the programme Small-scale Combustion of Biofuels coordinated by the Swedish Administration of Energy (STEM). The general objectives of this programme are ... 

The objectives of this project are consistent with the objectives (1) and (4) above. The general objective of this project has been to verify a new measurement method to analyse the thermochemical conversion of biofuels in the context of PBC, which is based on the three-step model mentioned above. The sought quantities of the method are the mass flow and stoichiometry of conversion gas, as well as air factors of conversion and combustion system. One of the specific aims of this project is to find a physical explanation why it is more difficult to obtain acceptable emissions from combustion of fuel wood than from for example wood pellets for the same conditions in a given PBC system. This project includes the following stages ... 

These general objectives should form an extensive consensus. There is likewise a general consensus that environmental, occupational, health and consumer policies over the past thirty years have achieved considerable material success in reducing the use of known hazardous substances, also with regard to their loads in soil, air, water and products and not least of all with regard to their safe handling at the workplace. 

Currently, computing the structure of bluff-body stabilized flames has become a subject of intense activity. The general objective of numerical studies is to describe the phenomenon by solving the fundamental differential equations coupled with turbulence and combustion closures. Since there are many possible approaches, more or less substantiated, the reported results are often contradictory. Apparently, this is caused by the lack of basic understanding of the physico-chemical phenomena accompanying flame stabilization and spreading. 

There is no general objection to writing down mesomeric structures, e.g.. 

In relation to the second point above, it should be noted, that there is a general objective to move away from the induction of lethality in animal tests for animal welfare reasons. 

The general objectives for assessing the potential of a substance to induce irritation or corrosion are to evaluate ... 

The general objectives for assessing the sensitization potential of a substance are to examine whether there are indications from human experience of skin allergy or respiratory hypersensitivity following exposure to the substance, and whether the substance has a skin sensitization potential based on tests in animals. 

One of the objectives of this book is to act as a benchmark for current achievements, but it also has a number of other important general objectives. Despite the undoubted success of the CALPHAD approach, any methodology based on thermodynamic concepts is often erroneously perceived as being difficult to follow, and even considered as unlikely to have a direct practical application because of its association with equilibrium situations. The authors have therefore set themselves the goals of removing such misconceptions and making the book readable by any scientifically competent beginner who wishes to apply or extend the concepts of CALPHAD to new areas. 

How the structural information in molecules is represented is crucial to the types of chemical questions that can be asked and answered. This is certainly true in MSA where different representations and their corresponding similarity measures can lead to dramatically different results (2). Four types of mathematical objects are typically used to represent molecules—sets, graphs, vectors, and functions. Sets are the most general objects and basically underlie the other three and are useful in their own right as will be seen below. Because of... 

A general objective of fruit processing is the maceration of whole tissue, degrading cell... 

Finally there is a somewhat general objection to the use of combinatorialism in order to ground the ontological reduction of chemistry. Surely the assumption of that fundamental entities combine together to form macroscopic chemical entities ensures from the start that the hoped for asymmetry is present. But it seems to do so in a circular manner. If one assumes that macroscopic chemical entities like elements are comprised of sub-atomic particles then of course it follows that the reverse is not true. The hoped for asymmetry appears to have been written directly into the account, or so it would seem. 

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