Research fundamental

J. M. Andreas, E. A. Hauser, and W. B. Tucker, J. Phys. Chem., 42, 1001 (1938). D. O. Niederhauser and F. E. Bartell, Report of Progress—Fundamental Research on the Occurrence and Recovery of Petroleum, Publication of the American Petroleum Institute, The Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore, 1950, p. 114. 

A great deal of tax money is spent in support of fundamental research, and this is often defended as having an intrinsic virtue. To take the present topic as an example, however, the study of just how molecules adsorb and react on a surface is fascinating and challenging, yet the tax-paying public should not be asked merely to support the esoteric pleasures of a privileged few. The public should expect the occasional major practical advance whose benefits more than pay for the overall cost of all research. The benefits in the present case come from the discovery and development of catalytic processes of major importance to an industrial society. 

The field of fullerene chemistry expanded in an unexpected direction in 1991 when Sumio lijima of the NEC Fundamental Research Laboratories in Japan discovered fibrous carbon clusters in one of his fullerene preparations This led within a short time to substances of the type portrayed in Figure 11 7 called single-walled nanotubes The best way to think about this material IS as a stretched fullerene Take a molecule of Ceo cut it in half and place a cylindrical tube of fused six membered carbon rings between the two halves... 

The commitment to fundamental research which laid the groundwork for neoprene, nylon, and Teflon (DuPont) dates back to 1926 with the writing of a budget letter (44) ... 

The first demonstration of catalytic conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons was accompHshed ia 1902 usiag a nickel catalyst (42). The fundamental research and process development on the catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide was carried out by Fischer, Tropsch, and Pichler (43). Whereas the chemistry of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is complex, generalized stoichiometric relationships are often used to represent the fundamental aspects ... 

The detection and analysis, including quantification, of cyanobacterial toxins are essential for monitoring their occurrence in natural and controlled waters used for agricultural purposes, potable supplies, recreation and aquaculture. Risk assessment of the cyanobacterial toxins for the protection of human and animal health, and fundamental research, are also dependent on efficient methods of detection and analysis. In this article we discuss the methods developed and used to detect and analyse cyanobacterial toxins in bloom and scum material, water and animal/clinical specimens, and the progress being made in the risk assessment of the toxins. 

While for many years, metal single crystals were used only as tools for fundamental research, at the beginning of the 1970s single-crystal gas-turbine blades began to be made in the hope of improving creep performance, and today all such blades are routinely manufactured in this form (Duhl 1989). 

NEC Research Institute, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540, U.S.A. Fundamental Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, 34 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba 305, Japan... 

The technology in the fume capture field Is not well developed, and performances of many capture systems are low and typically may be in the 30% to 60% range. There is a paucity of fundamental research and development in the fume capture field. In contrast, hundreds of million of dollars have iteen spent on research and development activities in the gas-cleaning area, which is mature and well developed. It is not uncommon to specify and to measure gas-cleaning equipment performances of over 99.9% colleaion efficiency. As shown in Eq. (13.75), the ovcTall fume control system performance is determined by the product of the capture efficiency and the gas-cleaning efficiency. This equation clearly shows the need to improve the efficiency of capture of the fume at the source in order to obtain significant improvements in the overall fume control system performance. 

Panel). Most of the basic processes were established almost a century and a half ago, but a coherent theoretical explanation was not available until the publication in 1938 of the classic paper by R, W. Gurney and N. F. Mott. (Pwc. Roy. Soc. A164, 151-67 (1938)). Since then the subject has stimulated a vast amount of fundamental research in wide areas of solid-state chemistry and physics. 

M. Born (Edinburgh) fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for the statistical interpretation of the wave function. 

From our point of view, this is exactly what commercial ionic liquid production is about. Commercial producers try to make ionic liquids in the highest quality that can be achieved at reasonable cost. For some ionic liquids they can guarantee a purity greater than 99 %, for others perhaps only 95 %. If, however, customers are offered products with stated natures and amounts of impurities, they can then decide what kind of purity grade they need, given that they do have the opportunity to purify the commercial material further themselves. Since trace analysis of impurities in ionic liquids is still a field of ongoing fundamental research, we think that anybody who really needs (or believes that they need) a purity of greater than 99.99 % should synthesize or purify the ionic liquid themselves. Moreover, they may still need to develop the methods to specify this purity. 

To remove water, commercial ionic liquids used for fundamental research purposes should be dried at 60 °C in vacuo overnight. The water content should be checked prior to use. This can be done qualitatively by infrared spectroscopy or cyclovoltametric measurements, or quantitatively by Karl-Fischer titration. If the ionic liquids cannot be dried to zero water content for any reason, the water content should always be mentioned in all descriptions and documentation of the experiments to allow proper interpretation of the results obtained. 

Research in ionic liquid methodology is still young and there is still a lot to explore. Prevention of fundamental research on some new families of ionic liquids by exploitation of an IP position would simply kill off a lot of future possibilities. 

It is clear that the density matrix formalism renders a considerable simplification of the basis for the quantum theory of many-particle systems. It emphasizes points of essential physical and chemical interests, and it avoids more artificial or conventional ideas, as for instance different types of basic orbitals. The question is, however, whether this formalism can be separated from the wave function idea itself as a fundament. Research on this point is in progress, and one can expect some interesting results within the next few years. 

Malcolm, Jr, Fundamental Research in Explosive Magnetohydrodynamics , AFOSR TR-76-0435, Jones (Malcolm) Associates, Inc, Corona Del Mar, Calif, Contract F44620-75-C-0017 (Feb 1976), AD-A023-135... 

Fundamental research in pyrotechnics is published in the US in Combustion and Flame by the Combustion Institute, and in the UK in Combustion Science and Technology and in Fuel . Germany has the new, journal, Propellants and Explosives (German Chemical Society), which is the successor to the discontinued Explosivstoffe . A necessary caveat is that these journals are strongly oriented toward combustion or propulsion so that only rarely do they yield pyrotechnic information. Likewise, the various publications of the learned societies contain much data on thermodynamics, spectroscopy, and instrumental analysis which are useful in the study of pyrotechnics. In the USSR the situation is somewhat better as Physics of Combustion and Explosion (Fizika Gorenia i Vzryva) of the Siberian Branch Academy of Sciences USSR is exclusively oriented toward subjects of interest, as several scientific institutes are primarily devoted to research in pyrotechnics. The same authors do publish also, however, in the journals of the Academy of Science USSR (of which there are several) as well as in the corresponding journals of the academies of the various republics, so that the impression is created of a high level of activity... 

Most of the recent developments in hydrosilation reactions are disclosed in the patent literature. Relatively few mechanistic studies are available in the open literature and much more fundamental research is needed. 

The widespread use and applicability, however, can be directly attributed to the deep understanding of the fundamental properties associated with these elements and their attendant compounds. The fundamental research conducted with these elements forms the foundation upon which all applications and utility are built. The present Structure and Bonding volume is part of a three-part series focused on fundamental, biological, and applied aspects of the group 13 elements. It will showcase four new areas of fundamental work that will either grow in importance in the coming years, or provide new insight into potentially new areas. 

Although containing only four chapters, this book really represents the tip of the iceberg for fundamental research in these areas. Utilizing the information clearly disseminated in these pages, many other researchers can build and improve upon their own fundamental and applied group 13 science. 

In each of the technologies described in the preceding section, U.S. leadership in both fundamental research and manufacturing is severely challenged, and in some cases the United States is lagging behind its foreign competitors. 

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