Justification of practices

Justification of practices and interventions involves many factors, including social and political aspects, as well as radiological considerations. Some practical guidance on justification for practices and interventions is provided by the BSS, and some examples are provided here an intervention is justified if it is expected to achieve more good than harm, having regard to health, social and economic factors. Protective actions are nearly always justified if, in the absence of intervention, doses are expected to approach certain specified values related to deterministic effects. 

Whole water data may be generated by analysis of the whole water sample, or by separate determinations on liquid and SPM fractions. If it can be justified, for example by consideration of contaminant partitioning, it may be argued that there is no need to analyse a particular fraction. If a sampling strategy is selected involving only liquid or SPM fractions their die Member States shall justify the choice with measurements, calculations, etc. All justifications of practice shall be based on data derived from appropriate quality-control activities. 

Although the concepts of justification of practices, optimization of protection, dose commitment, and collective dose were all already treated and considered in the ICRP Publication 9 (1965), they were explicitly expressed not until in the ICRP Publication 26 (1977). The implementation of the new approach after 50 years of stepwise development meant adaptation of a modem protection concept which in a refined and addended form is continuously iqiplicable. 

To achieve the objectives specified in Section 3 as they relate to practices, a system of protection founded on basic principles is needed. The conceptual framework developed by the ICRP and used here includes justification of practices, optimization of protection, dose limitation and safety of sources. The dose limitation principle does not apply to medical exposures. 

There are two other points worth noting about this test. Firstly the flow data is produced using a capillary die so that its use on channels of a different geometry would require a correction factor. However, in most cases of practical interest, the factor is not significantly different from 1 and so there is no justification for the additional complication caused by its inclusion. 

Frings, J. W. 1913. The Occult Arts An Examination of the Claims made for the Existence and Practice of Supernormal Powers, and an Attempted Justification of Some of Them by the Conclusions of the Researches of Modem Science. 2nd ed. Philadelphia David McKay. 

Although extremely useful in practice, the Butler-Volmer law is entirely empirical, with no justification of its linear character and no prediction of how the rate constants could be related to the molecular structure of the... 

It would be preferable, of course, if individually and collectively, scientists were more forthcoming with explanations and justifications of their choices of values. But it is difficult to advance strong arguments against their choices if research is practiced only as the asymptotic pursuit of "pure truth" and if the choices are not misrepresented as objective and scientific. However, as it is funded and practiced currently, scientifc research deals almost exclusively with societally important study systems and therefore has practical as well as "purely scientific" objectives. Thus, it is proper to require that decision rules be adequately explained and justified in their societal context and even to look with a jaundiced eye at misrepresentations of value choices as "objective" or "scientific" for whatever reason and in any research context. 

These four stages are identical to the four steps of the risk assessment process set out in a key 1983 US publication on risk assessment (NRC, 1983), demonstrating the influence of the US approach on Europe. It is recognized, however, that this model is not always appropriate, with ozone depletion being quoted as an effect for which stages 2 and 3 do not apply. In these cases regulators have to assess risks on a case-by-case basis and give a full description and justification of their assessments in their report to the Commission. In Chapter 7 I discuss how risk from chemicals are assessed in practice. 

Rinaki, E., Dokoumetzidis, A., Valsami, G., and Macheras, P., Identification of biowaivers among Class II drugs Theoretical justification and practical examples, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 21, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1567-1572. 

Boyle s criteria and rules for making his preferred distinctions between matters of fact and causes have the status of conventions. Causal talk is grounded in conventions which Boyle s reports exemplify, just as the construction of the matter of fact is conventional in nature (...). The ultimate justification of convention does not take the form of verbalised rules. Instead the justification of convention is the form of life the total pattern of activities which includes discursive practices. 

Some authors have used the emission of adventitious carbon at a fixed value of 285.0 eV. (Some others prefer 284.4, 284.5 or 284.6 eV without real justification). This practice is not recommended because of the complexity associated with the possible differential charging of carbon impurities. Moreover it is not unusual to observe multicomponent Cjs peaks in zeolite spectra [11] and the span in binding energy expands over 8 eV in the literature. 

Justification of the practice. No practice involving exposure to radiation should be adopted unless it produces a benefit that outweighs the harm it causes or could cause. 

Further criteria for the justification of the TSP-measurement in the dilution tunnel are more of a practical nature. It turned out that some condensation problems arise on the filters at the flue duct because of strong formation of water vapor at the beginning of the bum cycle. These problems arise because of the characteristic bum cycle of a slow heat release appliance In the initial phase after igniting the fuel batch, the wood logs catch fire and release the fuel water over a short time period, thus generating water vapor while the stove is still cold. Even heating of the flat filter holder could not solve this problem entirely. 

The earliest phase of an information system cycle, the definition phase involves recognition of and explicit justification of the requirement for the system, includmg detailed analysis of how information is presently being handled and how the new system would change and improve upon current practices. Success of later phases depends on the care with which the definition and specification are carried out. 

In the time that has passed since the original ACCP prospectus, the literature has continued to grow in both depth and breadth of evidence supportive of the financial justification of clinical pharmacy services. New service models and philosophies of practice have developed in the past 6 years, the most notable being that of pharmaceutical care. " In addition, our ability to evaluate scientifically and measure the impact of clinical services on costs and outcomes has matured with the increased understanding and use of analytical techniques in health economics and pharmacoeconomics. " The effect of these advances on the quality and quantity of literature is unknown. The ACCP Board of Regents thus asked the ACCP Publications Committee to update this prospectus. 

Rinaki E, Dokoumetzidis A, Valsami G, et al. Identification of biowaivers among class II drags theoretical justification and practical examples. Pharm Res 2004 21(9) 1567-1572. 

If the methods of actual scientific practice for resolving questions about sampling in experimental design rely upon prior (approximate) theoretical knowledge of unobservable factors, then, in particular, knowledge of such factors is actual and therefore possible. Thus, the empiricist conception that experimental knowledge cannot extend to unobservable causal powers and mechanisms must be mistaken and the philosophical justification of the Humean definition of causation rests upon a false epistemological premise. (Boyd, 1985, p. 73)... 

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