Vaccines Immunization

Byars, N.E. and Allison, A.C. (1987) Adjuvant formulation for use in vaccines to elicit both cell mediated and humoral immunity. Vaccine 5, 223-228. 

Okamoto S, Yoshii H, Akagi T et al (2007) Influenza hemagglutinin vaccine with poly (y-glutamic acid) nanoparticles enhances the protection against influenza virus infection through both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 25 8270-8278... 

Hamdy S, Molavi O, Ma Z et al (2008) Co-delivery of cancer-associated antigen and Toll-like receptor 4 ligand in PLGA nanoparticles induces potent CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Vaccine 26 5046-5057... 

CPG7909, Promune Toll receptor agonist Augment immature immunity Vaccine adjuvant... 

A vaccine formulation contains antigenic components that are obtained from or derived from the pathogen. These pathogens include mainly viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Research has shown that the part of the pathogen that causes disease, termed virulence, can be decoupled from the protective part, so-called immunity. Vaccine development focuses on means to reduce the virulence factor while retaining the immunity stimulation. Administration... 

Walker, R.I. (1994). New strategies for using mucosal vaccination to achieve more effective immunization. Vaccine 12(5) 387—400. 

Iwasaki, A., Dela Cruz, C.S., Young, A.R. and Barber, B.H. (1999) Epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction by minigene DNA immunization. Vaccine, 17, 2081-2088. 

Vanrompay, D., Cox, E., Vandenbussche, F., Volckaert, G. and Goddeeris, B. (1999) Protection of turkeys against Chlamydia psittaci challenge by gene gun-based DNA immunizations. Vaccine, 17, 2628-2635. 

Schreckenberger, C., et al. 2001. Induction of an HPV 6bLl-specific mucosal IgA response by DNA immunization. Vaccine 19 227. 

Hsu, S. C., Schadeck, E. B., Delmas, A., Shaw, M., and Steward, M. W. (1996), Linkage of a fusion peptide to a CTL epitope from the nucleoprotein of measles virus enables incorporation into ISCOMS and induction of CTL responses following intranasal immunization, Vaccine, 14,1159-1166. 

SJS was for many years considered a severe variant of erythema multiforme major (EMM) however, over the past decade some experts have reclassified SJS as a less severe variant of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) rather than a form of EMM. However, this perspective is not universally accepted. SJS occurs acutely in all ages, with 20% in children and a peak incidence in adults between the second and fourth decades of life. SJS is a potentially fatal disorder with a mortality of approximately 5%.TEN has a mortality rate of approximately 30%. About 50% of cases of these disorders are idiopathic. Identifiable causal factors include microbial infection, particularly with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and HS Vj and medications, including sulfonamides, tetracycline, penicillin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), psychotropic agents, antiepileptics, and immunizing vaccines. Recent research suggests that HSV infection is a principal fector in the genesis of EMM, whereas medications are a more likely precipitant of SJS and TEN. 

Frenkel D, Dewachter I, Van Leuven F, Solomon B (2003) Reduction of beta-amyloid plaques in brain of transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer s disease by EFRH-phage immunization. Vaccine 21 1060-1065. 

O Hagan, D.T. Palin, K. Davis, S.S. Poly(butyl2cyano-acrylate) particles as adjuvant for oral immunization. Vaccine 1989, 7, 213-216. 

Cleland, J.L. Design and production of single-immunization vaccines using polylactide polyglycolide micro-sphere systems. In Vaccine Design The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach Powell, M.F., Newman, M.J., Eds. Plenum Press New York, 1995 439 62. 

SurveiUence for safety after immunization Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)-United States, 1991-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003 52(SS-1) 1. 

Glueck R. Pre-clinical and clinical investigation of the safety of a novel adjuvant for intranasal immunization. Vaccine. 2002 20 S42-244. 

A live vaccine is required to elicit protection against TB, as both antibody and cell-mediated immunity are required for protective immunity. Vaccination with BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin), derived from an attenuated M. bovis strain, is commonly used in countries where TB is endemic. The vaccine was introduced in the UK in 1953 and was administered intradermally to children aged 13-14 years and to unprotected adults. Efficacy in the UK has been shown to be > 70% with protection lasting at least 15 years. In other countries, where the general state of health and well-being of the population is less than in the developed world, the efficacy of the vaccine has been shown to be significantly less than this. 

Part 2 Validation. Geneva, Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization, Vaccine Supply and Quality, Global Training Network, World Health Organization, 1997 (WHO/VSQ/97.02). 

Dr S. Lambert, Quality Assurance and Safety Biologicals, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland... 

O Hagan DT, Palin KJ, Davis SS. Poly(butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) particles as adjuvants for oral immunization. Vaccine 1989 7 213-216. 

Zhou W, Pool V, Iskander JK, English-Bullard R, Ball R, Wise RP, Haber P, Pless RP, Mootrey G, Ellenberg SS, Braun MM, Chen RT. Surveillance for safety after immunization Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)-United States, 1991-2002. MMWR 2003 52/SS-l l-24. 

Active immunization, vaccination, involves administration of an antigen as a whole, killed organism, an attenuated (live) organism, or a specific protein or peptide constituent of an organism. Booster doses often are required, especially when killed (inactivated) organisms are used as the immunogen. In the United States, vaccination has sharply curtailed or practically eliminated a variety of major infections, including diphtheria, measles, mumps, pertussis, rubella, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and pneumococcus. 

Singh M, Vajdy M, Gardner J, et al. (2001). Mucosal immunization with HIV-1 gag DNA on cationic microparticles prolongs gene expression and enhances local and systemic immunity. Vaccine. 20 594-602. 

Ludewig B, Barchiesi F, Pericin M, et al. (2001). In vivo antigen loading and activation of dendritic cells via a liposomal peptide vaccine mediates protective antiviral and anti-tumour immunity. Vaccine. 19 23-32. 

The vaccine should be given to industrial workers exposed to potentially contaminated animal products imported from countries in which animal anthrax remains uncontrolled. These products include wool, goat hair, hides, and bones. People in direct contact with potentially infected animals as well as laboratory workers should also be immunized. Vaccination is also indicated for protection against the use of anthrax in biological warfare. Approximately 150,000 service members received this licensed MDPH vaccine between 11 January and 28 February 1991 (25%-30% of the total U.S. forces deployed during the Persian Gulf War). 

Q fever can be prevented by immunization. Vaccine prophylaxis for Q fever has been studied and used almost since the discovery that the responsible organism could be propagated in the yolk sac of eggs. Immunization with formalin-killed C burnetii confers protection against Q fever in laboratory personnel,89 abattoir workers,90,91 and human volunteers experimentally exposed to aerosolized C burned.92 In Australian abattoir workers, the results of efficacy studies were impressive a single injection of 30 pg of vaccine antigen (Q-Vax, manufactured by CSL Ltd., Parkville, Victoria, Australia) conferred protective immunity that began 2 weeks after immunization and persisted for at least 5 years.90 Protection depends primarily on cell-mediated immunity, the presence of which may be detected by positive skin test reactions and in vitro... 

Active immunization vaccine (toxoid of serotypes A-E) Formalin-fixed cmde culture supernatant from strains producing appropriate serotypes vaccination 0, 2, and 12 weeks with aimual booster. 

Barry MA, Johnston SA. 1997. Biological features of genetic immunization. Vaccine 15(8) 788-791. 

Herrmann, J.E., Wang, S., Zhang, C., Panchal, R.G., 2006. Passive immunotherapy of Bacillus anthracis pulmonary infection in mice with antisera produced by DNA immunization. Vaccine 24, 5872. 

Immunization The production of immunity in an individual by artificial means. Active immunization (vaccination) involves the introduction, either orally or by injection (inoculation), of specially treated bacteria, viruses, or their toxins to stimulate the production of antibodies (see vaccine). Passive immunization is induced by the injection of preformed antibodies. 

KAi Y H and CHI s c (2008) Efficacies of inactivated vaccines against betanodavirus in grouper larvae (Epinephelus coioides) by bath immunization. Vaccine, 26, 1450-1457. 

Peptide immunization, vaccination with dendritic cells and hybrid vaccines, adoptive transfer of T cells, and immunization with naked and packaged DNA have been tested in phase I studies only and should only be used in clinical trials (Garbe et al. 2008). 

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