Killed organisms

The first pertussis whole cell vaccine was a mixture of killed organisms that was associated with frequent local and systemic reactions. In the late 1980s, an acellular pertussis vaccine was introduced that contains purified pertussis components that are immunogenic but associated with fewer adverse reactions. Acellular pertussis vaccine is available in combination with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. Pertussis is not available as a separate vaccine component. In the spring of 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines for use in adolescents and adults. 

Rifampin binds to the 3 subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and thereby inhibits RNA synthesis. Resistance results from any one of several possible point mutations in rpoB, the gene for the 3 subunit of RNA polymerase. These mutations result in reduced binding of rifampin to RNA polymerase. Human RNA polymerase does not bind rifampin and is not inhibited by it. Rifampin is bactericidal for mycobacteria. It readily penetrates most tissues and penetrates into phagocytic cells. It can kill organisms that are poorly accessible to many other drugs, such as intracellular organisms and those sequestered in abscesses and lung cavities. 

Antifouling coatings technology is based upon mechanisms in which broad-spectrum biocides, usually toxic metal ions, kill organisms that settle on coatings. Many toxic coatings are designed... 

Always cook food items long enough to kill organisms. 

Pesticides are used to control or kill organisms that compete with humans for food, spread disease, or are considered a nuisance. Herbicides are pesticides that attack weeds insecticides attack insects fungicides attack molds and other fungus. Sulfur was used as a fungicide in ancient times. The development and use of new pesticides has exploded over the last 60 years, but these pesticides are often poisonous to humans. 

The immunologically specific substance characteristic of Group C Meningococcus has already been mentioned this was extracted from phenol-killed organisms, and protein was removed by the Sevag method after fractionation with ethanol, nucleic acid was removed as the copper salt. The product contained 5 % of nitrogen and 11 % of acetyl, and hexosamine was the only constituent other than sialic acid. ... 

For some studies, the mere presence or absence of metastases is sufficient however, quantification of metastases is often desired. To assess metastasis, animals are killed, organs are examined then removed and rinsed in cold water to remove excess blood. 

Chemical disinfection, on the other hand, is not as effective in killing organisms as thermal disinfection, but has several advantages It is simple to use, thereby ensuring greater user compliance. Lens life is longer with chemical disinfection as lenses are not subjected to daily heat treatment. The method results in fewer deposit problems as surface debris left on the lens surface due to improper cleaning is not baked by heat. 

Cooking and pasteurization kill organism, but contamination can occur after cooking before packaging, so packaged cooked foods should be reheated... 

Weakened or killed organisms, or organisms with epitopes common to those of pathogens, can stimulate an... 

A cooling tower is a common way to get rid of waste heat. Inside the tower, hot water is sprayed into the air while large fans draw air through the droplets. Although this process only transfers the heat to the atmosphere, it is an improvement over pumping the hot water back into streams, an action that killed organisms in the stream. 

Ethyl alcohol is used in antifreeze products, and also as a fuel a solution of 70-85% of ethyl alcohol is commonly used as a disinfectant. It kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their liquids and it is effective against most bacteria, fungi and many viruses though ineffective against bacterial spores. 

Active immunization, vaccination, involves administration of an antigen as a whole, killed organism, an attenuated (live) organism, or a specific protein or peptide constituent of an organism. Booster doses often are required, especially when killed (inactivated) organisms are used as the immunogen. In the United States, vaccination has sharply curtailed or practically eliminated a variety of major infections, including diphtheria, measles, mumps, pertussis, rubella, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and pneumococcus. 

Radioisotopic tracers emit nonionizing radiation and have been used to study reaction mechanisms, material flow, elemental composition, and medical conditions. Ionizing radiation has been used to destroy cancerous tissue, kill organisms that spoil food, and control insect populations. 

Opponents of irradiation fear the risks involved in the transport and use of nuclear materials to build the facilities and to maintain them. A potential health risk in the food itself is the possibility that the radiation required to kill organisms may alter a biological molecule to produce a harmful by-product, but no evidence has been found of such a toxin. Another concern is that irradiation will lead to a permissive attitude about safe food-handling procedures that can lead to other types of contamination. Food irradiation is still under study in the United States to conclusively prove its safety, particularly for meats... 

To kill organisms, interfere with ATP production or utilization. 

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