Imported animal products

Veterinary drug residues in imported animal products... 

Wool is the fibrous covering from sheep (1) and is by far the most important animal fiber used in textiles. World greasy wool production was 2,688,000 tons in 1994—1995, equivalent to 1,557,000 t clean (2) (Table 1). In 1994—1995, 1000.1 x 10 sheep produced 2, 688 x 10 t of greasy wool. The average clip of 2.69 kg/sheep produces 1.56 kg/sheep of clean wool (Tables 1 and 2). 

Table 3 iadicates the autritioaal composition of the three types of egg products, plus the shell egg itself. Eggs, coasidered to be oae of the most autritious foods, have the highest quaHty proteia of any food, and are important as a source of minerals and certain vitamins. Lipids ia eggs are easily digested, and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids is greater than ia most animal products. 

Insulin is one of the important pharmaceutical products produced commercially by genetically engineered bactera. Before this development, commercial insulin was isolated from animal pancreatic tissue. Microbial insulin has been available since 1982. The human insulin gene is introduced into a bacterium like E. coli. Two of the major advantages of insulin production by microorganisms are that the resultant insulin is chemically identical to human insulin, and it can be produced in unlimited quantities. 

Chloramphenicol [20 CAP D-(—)-ft reo-l-(p-nitrophenyl)-2-(dichloroacetamido)-l,3-propanediol] is an important antibiotic due to its broad activity against a number of clinically relevant microbial pathogens and its ability to penetrate easily the blood-brain barrier. Besides human application, CAP became widely and routinely used in veterinary practice and is used in Europe in most animal productions including fish128. 

Consideration of the nitrogen (N) balance during livestock production reveals a large difference between the input of N and its output in animal products (1, 2). For example, ruminants excrete between 75 and 95% of the N ingested (3). Much of the N not accounted for in input-output relationships of this type is lost from the soil-plant-animal system, particularly when intensively managed. Loss of ammonia (NH3) through volatilisation to the atmosphere is expected to be a major, if not the most important pathway of N loss during livestock production. 

The really important point is not whether this particular CDC investigation did or did not demonstrate the link, but rather, are there problems and. if so. how important are the problems resulting from use of antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels in animal feeds In other words, would discontinuing the subtherapeutic use of tetracycline and penicillin have a significant effect on antibiotic resistance in consumers of animal products ... 

An understanding of relationships between cell wall constituents and wall biodegradation is of particular importance to the economics of animal production since low digestibility of forages is associated with reduced intake. Such an understanding is also important in elucidating the role of fiber in human nutrition and of the decomposition of organic matter in soil. 

The determination of diazinon in foods is important because this chemical is used as a pesticide on plant crops and, at least in some cases, in pesticide dips for the control of parasitic infestations in animals (Brown et al. 1987 Miyahara et al. 1992). Because animals are exposed to this compound, both via pesticide dips and by ingestion of crops to which diazinon has been applied, some methods have been reported for animal products. The majority of methods, however, deal with the determination of residues in plant products. Most of the analytical methods found that describe the extraction from, and determination of, diazinon residues in various crops (plant materials) were developed as part of multiresidue methods. They are based on homogenization of the sample with an organic solvent (polar or non-polar) the isolation of the residues from this initial extract and, usually, some additional cleanup prior to the analysis of the extract by GC. The most common non-MS modes of detection exploit the... 

Vitamins and minerals, whose main dietary sources are other than fruits and vegetables, are also likely to play a significant role in the prevention and repair of DNA damage, and thus are important to the maintenance of long-term health. Vitamin B12 is found in animal products, and deficiencies of B12 cause a functional folate deficiency, accumulation of the amino acid homocysteine (a risk factor for heart disease),46 and chromosome breaks. B12 supplementation above the RDA was necessary to minimize chromosome breakage.47 Strict vegetarians are at increased risk for developing vitamin B12 deficiency. 

Apart from diethylstilbestrol, several other anabolics including nortestosterone, methyltestosterone, hexestrol, trenbolone, zeranol, and medroxyprogesterone have also gained importance from a regulatory point of view. Examples of immunochemical methods applied in the analysis of edible animal products for residues of these anabolics are presented in Table 28.4. 

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