Vaccines design

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Peptide Vaccines Peptide vaccines are chemically synthesized and normally consist of 8-24 amino acids. In comparison with protein molecules, peptide vaccines are relatively small. They are also known as peptidomimetic vaccines, as they mimic the epitopes. Complex structures of cyclic components, branched chains, or other configurations can be built into the peptide chain. In this way, they possess conformations similar to the epitopes and can be recognized by immune cells. An in silico vaccine design approach has been used to find potential epitopes. A critical aspect of peptide vaccines is to produce 3D structures similar to the native epitopes of the pathogen. 

Dhiman, N., BomiUa, R., O Kane, D.J., and Poland, G.A. (2001) Gene expression microarrays a 21st century tool for directed vaccine design. Vaccine. 20, 22-30. 

Barber, B.H., The immunotargeting approach to adjuvant-independent subunit vaccine design. Semin Immunol, 1997.9(5) 293-301. 

Vogel FR, Powell MF. A compendium of vaccine adjuvants and excipients. In Powell MF, Newman MJ, eds. Vaccine Design The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. New York Plenum Press, 1995 141-228. 

Waldmann TA. 2006. The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 Implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. Nat Rev Immunol. 6 595-601. 

Wynn, T.A. (1 999) Immune deviation as a strategy for schistosomiasis vaccines designed to prevent infection and egg-induced immunopathology. Microbes and Infection 1, 525-534. 

Koff WC, Johnson PR, Watkins DI, et al. HIV vaccine design insights from live attenuated SIV vaccines. Nat Immunol. 2006 7 19-23. 

Key words Vaccine, Vaccine design, Vaccine database, VIOLIN vaccine database and analysis system,... 

Two major in silico tools in vaccine design are based on two related but distinct strategies immunoinformatics-based immune epitope prediction and reverse vaccinology-based protective protein antigen screening. 

To counter the low success rate of B-cell epitope prediction, MHC class II epitopes for CD4+ T cells may be emphasized when antibody response is key in vaccine design. CD4+ T-helper cells are critical to induce the activation of B cells that produce antibodies. B-cell antigens that contain significant MHC class II epitopes may outperform B-cell antigens without cognate help. An identified T-cell epitope may sometimes contain a B-cell epitope. In addition, B-cell epitopes may colocalize near or overlap MHC class II epitopes (32, 33). 

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