Prophylaxis vaccines

After obtaining signature and verifying information from client, refer to the Prophylaxis/Vaccination Station. 

Clients receive prophylaxis/vaccination at this station. 

Clinics should have clearly marked entrance and exit points with adequate waiting space for groups of people seeking prophylaxis/vaccination. Security staff should... 

Taliani, G., Gaeta, G.B. Hepatitis A post-exposure prophylaxis. Vaccine 2003 21 2234-2237... 

Prophylaxis vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups and all persons over 65 years. Oseltamivir and zanamivir may be used for postexposure prophylaxis and treatment under certain conditions (see National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidance in British National Formulary). 

C. Prophylaxis/Vaccine. An effective inactivated vaccine is available in limited quantities. Protective antibodies begin to appear within 10-14 days and last for a year. A single injection is probably not protective, but two inoculations may provide marginal short-term protection. Ribavirin prophylaxis of the related sandfly fever virus was successful, but the dose used might be expected to produce anemia and other effects in some recipients. 

C. Prophylaxis/Vaccine. Investigational vaccines are currently being tested. An experimental vaccine, designated TC-83 is a live, attenuated cell-culture-propagated vaccine. A second investigational product that has been tested in humans is the C-84 vaccine, prepared by formalin-inactivation of the TC-83 strain. 

Vaccines. Anthrax and smallpox vaccines can be used before exposure and also for postexposuie prophylaxis. A pentavalent (ABODE) botulinum toxoid is currently used for laboratory workers at high risk of exposure. It is not effective for postexposure prophylaxis. Vaccines are not currently available for plague, tularemia, or viral hemorrhagic fevers. 

Pre-exposure prophylaxis on days 0, 7, 21 to 28 and then q2-5 years based on antibody titers 1 mL IM (Imovax Rabies Vaccine or Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed) or (continued)... 

Toxoids Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed 1 month in countries where rabies is a constant threat) post-exposure prophylaxis bite by a carrier animal that is unprovoked and rabies is present in the area 0.1 mL I.D. (Imovax Rabies I.D.) Fbstexposure Do not give intraderm ally, only IM, 20 lU/kg as soon as possible after exposure, followed by IM vaccine doses on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28... 

Immunosera, which were once very widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of many infections, are little used today, as vaccines have made some immunosera unnecessary and lack of proven therapeutic benefit has caused others to be relegated to immunological history. Tetanus antitoxin is an exception in that it is a very effective prophylactic that is still used in countries where there are inadequate supplies of tetanus immunoglobulin. Human immunoglobulins have important but limited uses. 

In addition to the three types of immunological product that are generally available there are two further types synthetic peptide vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Both have been extensively investigated but neither has, as yet, a place in conventional prophylaxis or therapeutics. 

Pre-exposure prophylaxis with IGIM is indicated for individuals at high risk of acquiring the HAV who cannot receive the hepatitis A vaccine (e.g., because of allergy to the components alum or 2-phenoxyethanol). Additionally, travelers who plan to depart for endemic areas within 2 weeks and have not yet received the hepatitis A vaccine should receive IGIM because active vaccine immunity takes several weeks to develop. 

There is no benefit in administering the vaccine after a person has been exposed to the HAV. Two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines, Havrix and VAQTA, are available in the United States and are effective in providing active immunization. The major difference between the two vaccines is that HAVRIX contains 2-phenoxyethanol as a preservative whereas VAQTA is preservative-free.1 Either vaccine is effective in providing active pre-exposure prophylaxis when given in two injections 6 months apart (referred to as months 0 and 6). The two vaccines are considered interchangeable, and doses are dependent on age (Table 21-3). 

Postexposure prophylaxis for perinatal exposure depends upon the mother s HBsAg status.24 Mothers who are HBsAg-positive should have their newborns immunized with both the hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG 0.5 mL. This regimen is 85% effective in preventing the hepatitis B carrier status if administered... 

Patients with animal bite wounds may require rabies prophylaxis.43,44 If the bite is from a bat, a wild animal, a domestic animal that has or is suspected to have rabies, or an unavailable animal, the patient should receive rabies immune globulin and vaccine immediately.45... 

Describe the role of antimicrobial prophylaxis and/or vaccination for gastrointestinal infections. 

The adamantane moiety is of medicinal chemical interest because of its inertness, compactness relative to lipid solubilizing character, and symmetry. Considerable interest, therefore, was engendered by the finding that amantadine (78) was active for the chemoprophylaxis of influenza A in man. There are not many useful chemotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of communicable viral infections, so this finding led to considerable molecular manipulation. The recent abrupt end of the National Influenza Immunization program of 1976 prompted a new look at the nonvaccine means for prophylaxis or treatment of respiratory tract infections due to influenza A, especially in that the well-known antigenic shift or drift of the virus obviates usefulness of the vaccine but not amantadine. 

Bagasra O., Forman L., Howeedy A., Whittle P. A potential vaccine for cocaine abuse prophylaxis. Immunopharmacology. 23 173, 1992. 

Prophylaxis of HBV can be achieved by vaccination or by passive immunity in postexposure cases with hepatitis B immunoglobulin. 

Prophylaxis of close contacts should be started only after consultation with the local health department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In general, children should receive 20 mg/kg (maximum 600 mg) and adults 600 mg daily in one dose for 4 days. Fully vaccinated individuals should not receive prophylaxis. 

Antiviral drugs available for prophylaxis of influenza should be considered adjuncts but are not replacements for annual vaccination. 

If a patient has been exposed to rabies, the treatment objectives consist of thorough irrigation of the wound, tetanus prophylaxis, antibiotic prophylaxis (if indicated), and immunization. Postexposure prophylaxis immunization consists of both passive antibody administration and vaccine administration. 

The requirements for vaccines, immune treatment prophylaxis products and antibiotic are ... 

Development of orphan vaccines is guided by the limited need for or markets potential of the product, with the accompanying regulations, as well as the specific characteristics of the vaccine and those who need it. After September 11th, 2001, the threats of biological attack open perspectives for acquisition of new vaccines and immune-prophylaxis products. 

The recommended treatment is doxycycline (200 mg/day) plus rifampin (600 mg/day) for six weeks. An alternative effective treatment is six weeks of doxycycline (200 mg/day) plus streptomycin (1 gm/day) for three weeks. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given four to six weeks is less effective. In 5 to f 0 percent of cases, there may be a relapse or treatment failure. Regarding prophylaxis, killed and live attenuated human vaccines are available in many countries but are considered of unproven efficacy. There tends to be no information on the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis against human brucellosis. 

Prophylaxis For asymptomatic patients exposed to plague aerosol, or to a patient with suspected pneumonic plague, provide doxycycline at 100 mg orally twice daily for seven days, or for the duration of risk of exposure plus one week. Alternative antibiotics include ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol. No vaccine is currently available for plague propylaxis. The previously available licensed, killed vaccine was effective against bubonic plague, but not against aerosol exposure. 

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