Psychotropic agents

W. Haefely, R. Schaffner, P. Pole, and L. Pieri, in P. Hoffmeister and G. StiUe, eds.. Psychotropic Agents, Part II Anxiolytics, Gerontopsychopharmacological Agents, andPsychomotorStimulants, Springer-Vedag, Berlin. 1981, pp. 263—283. 

Ethanolpyridines are used mainly for vinylpyridine manufacture. However, 2-ethanolpyridine (22) is used to make the psychotropic agent thioridazine [50-52-2] (106), and the antispasmodic agent triquizium bromide [71731-58-3] (107). 

Recrystd from abs EtOH dried in vacuo and stored in tightly stoppered bottles because it is hygroscopic. It is soluble in H2O but insoluble in CgHg, Et20 and alkaline aqueous soln. It has UV at 258 and 307.5nm (log e 4.50 and 3.50) in EtOH (neutral species). [Craig et al. J Org Chem 22 709 1957.] It is a calmodulin inhibitor [Levene and Weiss J Parmacol Exptl Ther2Q% 454 1978], and js a psychotropic agent [Fowler Arzneim.-Forsch 27 866 1977]. 

Schuster CR The behavioral pharmacology of psychomotor stimulant drugs, in Psychotropic Agents, Part II. Edited by Hoffineister F, Stille G. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1981, pp 587-605... 

This behavioural syndrome, rather emotively called learned helplessness", is widely believed to share many features of depression, not least because both culminate in psychomotor retardation and both are linked with experience of uncontrollable, unpredictable stress. Whether or not learned helplessness really is an analogue of depression remains controversial (Maier 1993). Nevertheless, escape deficits in rats are prevented by pretreatment with antidepressants from different generic groups. Other psychotropic agents, such as CNS stimulants and neuroleptics, are generally ineffective. 

Snyder, S.H. Faillace, L. and Weingartner, H. A new psychotropic agent Psychological and physiological effects of 2,5 demethoxy-4-ethyl amphetamine (DOET) in man. Arch Gen Psychiatry 21 95-101. 1969. Timmermans, P.B.M.W.M., and Van Zwieten, P.A. Alpha, adrenoreceptors Classification, localization mechanisms and targets for drugs. J Med Chem 25 1389-1401, 1982. 

The main metabolic pathways and psychotropic agents that may be co-prescribed and act as inducers/inhibitors are shown in Table 4.2. 

Variously fused 1,2,4-thiadiazinone V,V-dioxides react with 1,3-dibromopropane and a base to give fused oxazinothia-diazine dioxides (Equation 191). Compounds 439-441 are obtained by this route. These are of interest as potential psychotropic agents <2005JHC763>. 

Soumerai, S., et al., "Effects of Limiting Medicaid Drug Reimbursement Benefits on the Use of Psychotropic Agents and Acute Mental Health Services by Patients with Schizophrenia," N. Engl. ]. Med., 331, 650-655 (1994). 

Snyder, S. H., Weingartner, H., and Faillace, L. A. (1970) DOET (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylam-phetamine) and DOM (STP) (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), new psychotropic agents Ther effects in man. In Psychotomimetic Drugs, edited by D. Efron, pp. 247-264. Raven Press, New York. 

Nomura K, Nakao M, Sato M et al. (2007) The long-term prescription of benzodiazepines, psychotropic agents, to the elderly at a university hospital in Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med 212(3) 239-246... 

In the aftermath of World War II, problems with amphetamine abuse began to arise. An epidemic of amphetamine abuse and related cases of amphetamine-induced psychosis arose first in Japan and later in the United States. Since that time, use of amphetamines and other stimulants has been greatly curtailed and as a class are more tightly regulated than virtually any other psychotropic agents, with the exception of narcotic analgesics. 

It would be useful for pharmaceutical physicians to have some examples of medical products that have been the subject of serious adverse reactions requiring regulatory action. In the following subsections a number of products have been selected that illustrate different drug safety problems. Major attention has been paid to psychotropic agents because they are widely used and have been the subject of regulatory evaluation and action over the past several years which has resulted in restrictions to use and in some cases withdrawal from the market. 

Hollister, L.E. (1982). In F. HofFmeister 8c G. StiUe (Eds.), Psychotropic Agents Part III. Alcohol and psychotomimetics, psychotropic effects of central acting drugs. (321-344). Berlin Springer Verlag. 

Most of the research and results have been focused on the effects of drug therapy on the disorders induced by alcohol, and by opiates abuse. For all drugs, the first objective is to wean the patients from the drug, treating or preventing the effects of withdrawal for those drugs which cause physical dependence (alcohol, nicotine, opiates, caffeine, certain psychotropic agents such as benzodiazepines, possibly antidepressants). The second phase is the prevention of recurrence or relapse, which relies on a com-... 

Porsolt RC, Chermat R, Lenegre A, Avril I, Janvier S, Stern L (1987) Use of the automated tail suspension test for the primary screening of psychotropic agents. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 288 11-30... 

Unlabeled Uses Infection-related hypotension, intradialytic hypotension, psychotropic agent-induced hypotension, urinary incontinence... 

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