Locally enhanced

SUMOylation. Figure 1 SUMOylation is a reversible and regulated process. Target protein modification by SUMO can be initiated and terminated by different cues. Sumoylation leads to changes in the behavior of the modified protein, for example, different cellular localization, enhanced/reduced activity, or increased stability. These changes are due to alterations either in protein interactions or protein folding. 

Measurements of overall reaction rates (of product formation or of reactant consumption) do not necessarily provide sufficient information to describe completely and unambiguously the kinetics of the constituent steps of a composite rate process. A nucleation and growth reaction, for example, is composed of the interlinked but distinct and different changes which lead to the initial generation and to the subsequent advance of the reaction interface. Quantitative kinetic analysis of yield—time data does not always lead to a unique reaction model but, in favourable systems, the rate parameters, considered with reference to quantitative microscopic measurements, can be identified with specific nucleation and growth steps. Microscopic examinations provide positive evidence for interpretation of shapes of fractional decomposition (a)—time curves. In reactions of solids, it is often convenient to consider separately the geometry of interface development and the chemical changes which occur within that zone of locally enhanced reactivity. 

Demming et al. [17], and compared it with their experimental results. The observed increase in Raman intensity by a factor of 15 within the laser focus of about 2 pm, corresponds to a maximum local enhancement at the center of the tip apex by a factor of about 12 000 under the assumption that the tip radius is 100 nm. More precisely, about 20% of the Raman intensity is considered to originate from an area with a radius of 14 nm under the tip, which is roughly equivalent to 400 molecules out of 2 X 10 in the total focused area. 

Anderson, M. S. (2000) Locally enhanced Raman spectroscopy with an atomic force microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3130-3132. 

Also in the early 1990s, a somewhat related method for calculating free energy differences was proposed by Ron Elber and coworkers [92, 93]. It relies on simulating multiple, noninteracting replicas that differ only locally. As a result, the method is applicable to systems that undergo only local modification - e.g., point mutations in proteins. For this reason, it has been called the locally enhanced sampling (LES) technique. 

Roitberg, A. Elber, R., Modeling side chains in peptides and proteins application of the locally enhanced sampling technique and the simulated annealing methods to find minimum energy conformations, J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 95, 9277-9287... 

Verkhivker, G. Elber, R. Nowak, W., Locally enhanced sampling in free energy calculations application of mean held approximation to accurate calculation of free energy differences, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7838-7841... 

Ulitsky, A. Elber, R., Application of the locally enhanced sampling (LES) and a mean-held with a binary collision correction (CLES) to the simulation of Ar diffusion and NO recombination in myoglobin, J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 1034-1043... 

Simmerling, C. Fox, T. Koliman, P.A., Use of locally enhanced sampling in free energy calculations Testing and application to the alpha — beta anomerization of glucose, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998,120, 5771-5782... 

Etchants for defect and junction delineation are usually composed of HF and an oxidizing agent such as HN03 [Dal, Gr4, Ka4, Nel], K2Cr207 [Se5] or Cr03 [Sil, Jel, Sc7, Ya4, Me5]. Alkaline solutions are rarely used for defect delineation [Mal2], An etch pit will form on a silicon surface if the dissolution rate is enhanced locally. Enhancement of the etch rate may occur for various reasons ... 

Ichimura, T., Hayazawa, N., Hashimoto, M., Inouye, Y, and Kawata, S. 2003. Local enhancement of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by isolated gold nanoparticles. J. Raman Spectrosc. 34 651-54. 

Fig. 4. Local enhancement as a function of radial positions from the particle center using the one-dimensional model presented (D = 1.24 x 10 m s Dr = 0.56,H = 103,dp = 3x 10 m, M = 0)...

Huge local enhancement of the near-field intensity by factors of... 

Peters, H. (2003) Broadly distributed and locally enhanced turbulent mixing in a tidal estuary. J. Phys. Oceanog. 33, 1967-1977. 

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