Genetic immunization

The activation of a T-cell response and subsequent efficacy of DNA vaccines is ultimately determined by professional antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells (Corr et al., 1996 Doe et al., 1996 Iwasaki et al., 1997 Ulmer et al., 1996). It follows that successful DNA vaccination strategies should seek to target DNA 

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Tang DC, DeVit M, Johnston SA (1992) Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature 356 152-154... 

DNA Vaccines DNA vaccines are sometimes called nucleic vaccines or genetic immunization. The host (patient) is injected directly with selected viral... 

Cui Z.R. and Mumper R.J., Genetic immunization using nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion precursors, Pharm. Res. 19, 939, 2002. 

Manning, W.C., X. Paliard, S. Zhou, M. Pat Bland, A.Y. Lee, K. Hong, C.M. Walker, J.A. Escobedo, and V. Dwarki, Genetic immunization with adeno-associated virus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins B and D. J Virol, 1997. 71(10) 7960-2. 

Densmore, C.L., Orson, F.M., Xu, B., et al. (2000). Aerosol delivery of robust polyethylene-imine-DNA complexes for gene therapy and genetic immunization. Mol. Then, 1, 180-188. 

The use of naked DNA as a vaccine is the most recent development in this field. Since the demonstration of the possibility of genetic immune response by direct injection of DNA into muscle cells, the field is developing rapidly. Clinical trials for influenza, hepatitis, HIV-1, and herpes simplex are being initiated. 

Waine, G.J., Alarcon, J.B., Qiu, C. and McManus, D.P. (1999) Genetic immunization of mice with DNA encoding the 23 kDa transmembrane surface protein of Schistosoma japonicum (Sj23) induces antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Parasite Immunology 21, 377-381. 

Charo, J., Ciupitu, A.M., Le Chevalier De Preville, A., Trivedi, P., Klein, G., Uinkula, J. and Kiessling, R. (1999) A long-term memory obtained by genetic immunization results in full protection from a mammary adenocarcinoma expressing an EBV gene. J. Immunol, 163, 5913-5919. 

Eisenbraun, M.D., Fuller, D.H. and Haynes, J.R. (1993) Examination parameters affecting the elicitation of humoral immune responses by particle bombardment mediated genetic immunization. DNA Cell Biol., 12, 791-797. 

Cui, Z., and R.J. Mumper. 2002. Bilayer films for mucosal (genetic) immunization via the buccal route in rabbits. Pharm Res 19 947. 

Mikszta, J.A., et al. 2002. Improved genetic immunization via micromechanical disruption of skin-barrier function and targeted epidermal delivery. Nat Med 8 415. 

Barry MA, Johnston SA (1997), Biological features of genetic immunization,... 

Genetic immunization (Ap DNA vaccination) ICSM-18 ICSM-35 MER5101 Mimovax... 

Active immunizations using DNA which codes for the protein against which the immune response will be directed (genetic immunizations) provide additional safety as the immune response in DNA immunizations differs from the response elicited by peptide immunizations [366]. Ap DNA epitope vaccines have been proposed with optimism possibly combined with a prime boost regime in either very early AD, or preferably in preclinical stage individuals identified by validated AD biomarkers [367],... 

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