For hybrid electric vehicles

Though sodium-sulfur batteries have been under development for many years, major problems still exists with material stability. It is likely that the first commercial uses of this batteiy will not be for electric vehicles. Sodium-sulfur storage batteries may be more well-suited for hybrid electric vehicles or as part of a distributed energy resources system to provide power ill remote areas or to help meet municipal peak power requirements. 

In conclusion, the surface modified natural graphite has good performance in PC based electrolyte and also meets the power requirements for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. Surface carbon coated natural graphite SLC1015 is a very promising material in high power Li-ion batteries with lower cost, reasonable safety, and low irreversible capacity. 

Substituted nickel oxides, such as LiNii j /3ojAl/l2, are prime candidates for the cathode of advanced lithium batteries for use in large-scale systems as required for hybrid electric vehicles. On charging these mixed oxides the nickel is oxidized first to Ni + then the cobalt to Co +. SAFT has constructed cells with these substituted nickel oxides that have been cycled 1000 times at 80% depth of discharge with an energy density of 120—130 Wh/kg. ... 

Markel, T. Wipke, K. Optimization Techniques for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Analysis Using ADVISOR. Proceedings of ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. New York, New York. November 11-16, 2001. 

When batteries are set to deep discharge cycling the charge current reaches maximum values of 0.5 C20 A (usually it is 0.2 C20 A). At these current rates the negative plates charge efficiently. Batteries for hybrid electric vehicle applications, however, have to be... 

Special accumulators for hybrid (electric) vehicles have been developed on the basis of nickel-metal hydride cells, i.e., cars powered by electric engines in combination with other energy converters (mostly combustion engines). 

In 1997, Toyota Motor Company launched electric hybrid vehicles into the world market, followed by Nissan and Honda a few years later. They were very popular because of the good fuel economy and the increasing interest in global environmental issue. Therefore, all of the car manufacturers worldwide accelerated their research and development for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology. Although the batteries used for HEV by Toyota and Honda are nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries and they are major batteries in the field at present, the pressure for development is put on not Ni-MH but lithium because of the superior characteristics in power, weight, heat generation, and so on to Ni-MH. 

Toda Kogyo Corporation is promoting the development for each cathode material for lithium-ion batteries depending on their use for example, LiCoO for notebook personal computers and cellular phones LiMn O for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and LiNiO for high-capacity batteries. Special efforts are being made in the improvement of the above problems, i.e., cycle characteristics and thermal stability, for LiNiOj, so that this compound can be included in the market trend of lithium ion batteries. This chapter presents the results of the process development to improve the above-mentioned problem. 

There is still a strong demand for higher capacity (e.g., for mobile equipment) and longer life (for hybrid electric vehicles), and we are continuing to improve LMO performance. 

James Hunter of Eveready Battery Co. was the first to patent spinel cathode material. The application of material to Li-ion system has been developed by J. M. Tarascon [59] and extensively studied by M. Thackeray [60]. Generally, lithium spinel oxides suitable for the cathode are limited to those with a normal spinel in which the lithium ions occupy the tetrahedral (8a) sites and the transition-metal ions reside at the octahedral (16d) sites. Currently, spinel is the center of much interest as the cathode material for large format lithium-ion cell for hybrid electric vehicle applications where high power, safety, and low cost are the strongly required features. 

Both of the above systems show the enhanced cycling and enhanced capacity of composite anode materials. There are a variety of metals that might he used to intercalate lithium or incorporate hthium. Several studies are currently underway in these areas in our lahs and in others. Some objectives include 35-Ah cells for aerospace applications, development of batteries for electric vehicles, and batteries for hybrid electric vehicles. Improved lithium ion technology, as regards improved performance, decreased cost, and more viable technology is mandatory for synthesis and use of such materials in novel secondary battery applications. 

Bhangu BS, Bentley P, Stone DA, Bingham CM (2005) Nonlinear observers for predicting state-of-charge and state-of-health of lead-acid batteries for hybrid-electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 54 783-794. doi 10.1109/TVT.2004.842461... 

Vasebi A, Partovibakhsh M, Bathaee SMT (2007) A novel combined battery model for state-of-charge estimation in lead-acid battraies based on extended Kalman filter for hybrid electric vehicle applications. J Power Sources 174 30-40. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.011... 

Vasebi A, Bathaee SMT, Partovibakhsh M (2008) Predicting state of charge of lead-acid batteries for hybrid electric vehicles by extended Kalman filter. Energy Convers Manag 49 75-82. doi 10.1016/j.enconman.2007.05.017... 

Kim I (2008) Nonlinear state of charge estimator for hybrid electric vehicle battery. IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 2027-2034. doi 10.1109/TPEL.2008.924629... 

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