Hybrid electric vehicles battery requirements

Though sodium-sulfur batteries have been under development for many years, major problems still exists with material stability. It is likely that the first commercial uses of this batteiy will not be for electric vehicles. Sodium-sulfur storage batteries may be more well-suited for hybrid electric vehicles or as part of a distributed energy resources system to provide power ill remote areas or to help meet municipal peak power requirements. 

In conclusion, the surface modified natural graphite has good performance in PC based electrolyte and also meets the power requirements for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. Surface carbon coated natural graphite SLC1015 is a very promising material in high power Li-ion batteries with lower cost, reasonable safety, and low irreversible capacity. 

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride batteries which are currently used for energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Currently, Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials are the most widely studied cathode materials for the high-power lithium-ion batteries [1-4]. Although Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials meet the initial power requirement for the HEY application, however, it has been reported that they... 

Substituted nickel oxides, such as LiNii j /3ojAl/l2, are prime candidates for the cathode of advanced lithium batteries for use in large-scale systems as required for hybrid electric vehicles. On charging these mixed oxides the nickel is oxidized first to Ni + then the cobalt to Co +. SAFT has constructed cells with these substituted nickel oxides that have been cycled 1000 times at 80% depth of discharge with an energy density of 120—130 Wh/kg. ... 

FM4. Incomplete charging. Batteries operated under partial-state-of-charge duty (as experienced in remote-area power supplies and hybrid electric vehicles) require a periodic full charge in order to maintain capacity. 

James Hunter of Eveready Battery Co. was the first to patent spinel cathode material. The application of material to Li-ion system has been developed by J. M. Tarascon [59] and extensively studied by M. Thackeray [60]. Generally, lithium spinel oxides suitable for the cathode are limited to those with a normal spinel in which the lithium ions occupy the tetrahedral (8a) sites and the transition-metal ions reside at the octahedral (16d) sites. Currently, spinel is the center of much interest as the cathode material for large format lithium-ion cell for hybrid electric vehicle applications where high power, safety, and low cost are the strongly required features. 

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