Hybrid electric vehicles battery packs

Li-ion and Ni-MH are the only two batteries currently used for all-electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Battery pack weight and cost are the most critical... 

The battery industry has seen enormous growth over the past few years in portable, rechargeable battery packs. The majority of this surge can be attributed to the widespread use of cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA s), laptop computers, and other wireless electronics. Batteries remained the mainstream source of power for systems ranging from mobile phones and PDA s to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The world market for batteries was approximately 41 billion in 2000, which included 16.2 billion primary and 24.9 billion secondary cells. 

Battery pack development for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) includes many of the same considerations involved in the development of battery packs for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Typical Li-ion battery packs, also called rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), generally include four main components (1) lithium-ion battery cells, (2) mechanical structure and/or modules, (3) battery management system (BMS) and electronics, and (4) thermal management system. 

Virtually all Li-ion batteries require some type of electronic option to facilitate protection and/or performance of the battery cells assembled into an arrangement commonly referred to as a pack . Thus a battery pack, either in a cell phone or hybrid electric vehicle, contains the electronic options discussed in this chapter so that the cells within that assembly operate as expected for the intended device. 

Estimated Costs for Battery Packs Widely Used in All-Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles... 

The application of the battery pack model is illustrated by studying a design example in the electrified vehicle area. In this section, the battery pack model is the key part of the powertrain of a series hybrid electric vehicle. A unique (for passenger duty) vehicle is studied in the Autonomic simulation environment [20], Then, several Energy Storage System (ESS) options, which are combinations of... 

Lithium-ion batteries are used in Nissan s Tino, a hybrid electric vehicle. The Tino seats five and achieves twice the fuel economy of the corresponding non-HEV car. Only a hundred Tinos will be built and they use Shin-Kobe LiMn204 packs. Saft [11] has recently reported good low temperature performance for cold cranking and projects that a 15-year life should be achievable with LiNiCoOj-based cells. Cost and safety appear to be the only issues now limiting use of lithium-ion batteries in hybrid electric vehicles. 

If the battery pack of hybrid vehicles can additionally be charged with electricity from the public electricity grid, the vehicle is called plug-in hybrid. Batteries of plug-in hybrids have to be larger than those of a conventional hybrid vehicle. For short distance trips, plug-in hybrid vehicles can be operated in the electricity-only mode. Plug-in hybrids are not explicitly considered here, but addressed in more detail in Section 7.9. 

A typical EV architecture is shown in Fig. 11.27. This architecture is very similar to that for the hybrid battery packs, with the exception that there may be high voltage loads, such as climate control or heaters, that will power directly from the high voltage pack. Electric vehicles are also different from all other electric drives... 

Dhameja has presented an approach for simulating and validating the development of batteries for hybrid and electric vehicle applications. A performance analysis integrated with a computer-based simulation provides a baseline for the battery pack in real-world conditions. Among others, data related to power draw, engine torque, speed and acceleration of the vehicle are analyzed [31]. 

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