Advanced battery

As of this writing, there is Httle commercialization of advanced battery systems. Small rechargeable lithium button cells have been commercialized, however, by Sanyo, Matsushita (Panasonic), and Toshiba. These cells are intended for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) use in appHcations such as memory backup and are not available to the general consumer. 

Efforts to develop commercially viable EV versions of advanced battery systems continue. The ultimate goal is to develop battery technology suitable for practical, consumer-acceptable electric vehicles. The United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) has been formed with the express purpose of accelerating development of practical EV batteries (83). 

A completely separate family of conducting polymers is based on ionic conduction polymers of this kind (Section 11.3.1.2) are used to make solid electrolyte membranes for advanced batteries and some kinds of fuel cell. 

Increasing numbers of advanced batteries for all purposes depend on ionically conducting solid electrolytes, so it will be helpful to discuss these before continuing. It should be remembered that any battery can be described as an electron pump, and the role of the electrolyte is to block the passage of electrons, letting ions through instead. 

For a review of salts formerly thought of as low-temperature ionic liquids, see Mamantov, G., Molten salt electrolytes in secondary batteries, in Materials for Advanced Batteries (Murphy, D. W., Broadhead, J., and Steele, B.C. H. eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 1980,... 

J. O. Besenhard, M. Winter, J. Yang, International Workshop on Advanced Batteries (Lithium Batteries), Osaka, 1995, p. 129. 

At present batteries worth more than 30 billion USD are produced every year and the demand is still increasing rapidly as more and more mobile electronic end electric devices ranging from mobile phones to electric vehicles are entering into our life. The various materials required to manufacture these batteries are mostly supplied by the chemical industry. Ten thousands of chemists, physicists and material scientists are focusing on the development of new materials for energy storage and conversion. As the performance of the battery system is in many cases a key issue deciding the market success of a cordless product there is in fact a kind of worldwide race for advanced batteries. 

Takamura T (2002) Trends in advanced batteries and key materials in the new century. Solid State Ionics 152-153 19-34... 

Huggins RA., Polyphase Alloys as Rechargeable Electrodes in Advanced Battery Systems. J. Power Sources 1988 22 341-50. 

Duvall, M. (2004). Advanced Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles A Technology and Cost-effectiveness Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, Power Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Report 1009299. Palo Alto, CA Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 

The need to develop high rate performance electrodes [116] in advanced batteries, such as rocking-chair (lithium-ion) cells [117], has led to efforts... 

Preto, S.J., Ross, L.E., Martin, A.E. and Roche, M.F., Proc. Symp. and Workshop on Advanced Battery Research and Design, ANL76-8, Argonne National Lab., Illinois, 22-24, 1976. 

It is possible to make nonstoichiometric solids that have ionic conductivities as high as 0.1-1000 S m-1 (essentially the same as for liquid electrolytes) yet negligible electronic conductances. Such solid electrolytes are needed for high energy density electrical cells, fuel cells, and advanced batteries (Chapter 15), in which mass transport of ions between electrodes is necessary but internal leakage of electrons intended for the external circuit... 

Since a considerable proportion of all petroleum is consumed in vehicle traction - a particularly inefficient way of extracting energy from a scarce resource which simultaneously causes severe environmental pollution in urban areas - the possibility of replacing vehicles driven by internal combustion engines with battery-powered electric transport is under active consideration, and the development of advanced batteries for this purpose is being pursued in a number of countries. Since batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) must be transported as part of the vehicle load, they require high power/mass ratios in addition to high cycle efficiency. 

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