Total carbon emission

The calculations of the carbon emission reduction are based on the deviation from the reference-system gasoline in a combustion engine. If reference systems with higher efficiencies are applied, e.g., hybrid-electric vehicles, the total carbon emission reduction of the hydrogen path is lower. In this case, a modern CAES power plant might have benefits. 

Cap and Trade In an attempt to reduce carbon emissions by industries, some governments and analysts support a "cap and trade" system. First, an overall "cap" is placed, by government regulation, on total carbon emissions for particular companies and/or their industries. The "trade" part of cap and trade allows companies that operate efficiently on a carbon basis, and thereby emit a lower amount of carbon than law allows, to sell or trade the unused... 

If allocations were set by industry, such as a uniform cap for the whole power industry (which represents some 40% of the American carbon emission), it would probably double the cost of electricity in locations where electricity is made from coal while representing a windfall for the nuclear power industry. If caps were set as a function of carbon emission, it is not clear how "indirect" emissions would be handled. For example, the oil and refinery industry is directly responsible for only 4% of the total carbon emission, but it fuels a transportation industry, which is responsible for 35%. 

Emissions to air a chart shows total carbon emission. It is assumed that this relates to discharges to air. These fell from 500 tonnes in 1989 to 300 tonnes in 1995. In 1996 and 1997 the figures were relatively constant, but they fell to 230 tonnes in 1998. There is a target to reduce this figure to 180 tonnes by 2002. 

H2Sim calculates the carbon emissions associated with each fuel choice. Table 8.2 summarizes the carbon coefficients, in million metric tons carbon per quad (MtCOj/quad), used in H2Sim. These coefficients do not include carbon emissions associated with car manufacture or fuel delivery, and hence understate total carbon emissions. Actual emissions are determined by the efficiency of the conversion process as well as the use. For example, the total emissions from a vehicle using hydrogen produced by electrolysis are determined by the efficiency of the electricity production, electrolysis process, and FCV. 

Table 8.5. Total carbon emissions by vehicle type...

Composition and size distribution of the emitted particles depend on the contribution of the individual emission sources related with road traffic—in particular combustion and non-tail-pipe emissions. Tailpipe emissions are vehicle exhaust emissions which are produced during fuel combustion (including additives) and released through the vehicle tailpipe (Rogge et al. 1993 Cadle et al. 1999). The particles derived from tail-pipe emissions are mainly composed of EC and OC, thus average total carbon emission rates are usually very close to the PM mass emission rates. Inorganic anions account for some percent of total tail-pipe emissions, the contribution of the elemental fraction is also in the order of few percent. 

A survey measurement of the total carbon emission over the full foundry process is given in Figure 4.9. The data show that the vegetable-based solvents partially result in a shift of emissions from the core-making area to the finishing area. Nevertheless an overall reduction of 17 % carbon emission reduction is reached. 

Figure 4.9 Total carbon emissions from various process steps, using aromatic- and vegetable-based solvents...

In summary, the world is in the midst of a period of unprecedented and dismptive change. This is particularly evident when examining the health of the world s ecological systems. A host of human forces impinge upon coral reefs, tropical rain forests and other critical natural systems located around the world. Half the planet s wetlands are gone. Total carbon emissions and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are both accelerating and 2004 was the fourth warmest year ever recorded. Over the course of the last 120 years, the ten warmest years have all occurred since 1990. 

Fabries are the elephant in the room. They re all around us but no one is thinking about them. We simply overlook fabrics, may be because they are almost always used as a eomponent in a final product that seems rather innoeuous sheets, blankets, sofa curtains, and of comse clothing. Textiles, including clothing, accounted for about 1 ton of the 19.8 tons of total CO2 emissions produeed by eaeh person in the US in 2006. By contrast, a person in Haiti produced a total of only 0.21 tons of total carbon emissions in 2006. 

Sustainability is also emerging as an important issue. The electricity consumption associated with information technology (IT) equipment is responsible for 2 percent of the total carbon emissions in the world, more than the emissions of the entire aviation industry. More important, IT is increasingly being used as the tool of choice to address the remaining 98 percent of carbon emissions from non-lT industries (eg., the use of video conferencing to reduce the need for travel or the use of cloud services to avoid transportation or excess manufacturing costs) (Baneijee et al., 2009). 

Emission factors must be also critically examined to determine the tests from which they were obtained. For example, carbon monoxide from an automobile will vary with the load, engine speed, displacement, ambient temperature, coolant temperature, ignition timing, carburetor adjustment, engine condition, etc. However, in order to evaluate the overall emission of carbon monoxide to an area, we must settle on an average value that we can multiply by the number of cars, or kilometers driven per year, to determine the total carbon monoxide released to the area. 

On a global scale, there is little doubt that human activities associated with energy production, primarily of fossil fuels, have over the last few decades, altered the composition of atmospheric gases. World carbon emissions are expected to exceed 1990 levels by 39 percent in 2010. By 2020, this figure will be closer to 70 percent Two thirds of the total increase in carbon emissions will occur in non-industrialized countries. 

Similarly to other environmental taxes, carbon taxes are defined as priced-based policy instruments for the correlated effects to increase the price of certain goods and services, thereby decreasing the quantity demanded. On the other side, tradable permits are defined as quantity-based environmental policy instrument. Although both policy instruments are MB, their implementation is different carbon taxes fix the marginal cost for carbon emissions and allow quantities emitted to adjust, whereas tradable permits fix the total amount of carbon emitted and allow price levels to change according to market forces. 

The electricity supply sector is responsible for over 7,700 million tonnes of C02 emissions annually (2,100 Mt C/yr) being 37.5% of total C02 emissions [14]. The annual carbon emissions, associated with electricity generation, is projected to surpass the 4,000 Mt C level by 2020 [15]. Past and projected electricity production from fossil fuels is shown in Table 2 and also C02... 

Almost carbon (C) in waste is oxidized into C02 through combustion process. A small amount is converted into carbon monoxide (CO), but this is often ignored. According to IPCC 2006, only fossil C02 is accounted as GHG emission source, while C02 which is formed from C bio is considered neutral and not added to total GHGs emission. However, amount of C02 bio was still calculated for reference purpose. C02 emission in RDF utilization process (burning process) is calculated based on fossil carbon content of waste fractions by the following formula ... 

Soil contributes to a greater extent to total carbon storage than do above-ground vegetation in most forests (Johnson and Curtis 2001). The total amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper meter of soil is about 1500 x 1015 g C (Eswaran et al. 1993 Batjes 1996), and the global atmospheric pool of CO2 is about 750 x 1015 g C (Harden et al. 1992). The CO2 emission from soil into atmosphere is about 68.0-76.5 1015 g C per year, and this is more than 10 times the CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion (Raich and Potter 1995). Variations in SOC pools and SOM turnover rates, therefore, exert substantial impacts on the carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems in terms of carbon sequestration in soil and CO2 emission from soil. 

If 10% of energy needs were met by wind power, there would be about 10 billion tons less of worldwide carbon emissions out of a world total of 60 to 70 billion tons. To achieve this, 120 times more wind capacity is needed. 

The United States Department of Energy (DoE) projects that total world energy consumption will increase by 59% between 1999 and 2020 and predicts a 20% increase in carbon dioxide emissions1. At the same time, different governmental entities around the globe have set targets on Carbon emission reduction. 

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