Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Besides fuel-cell (electric) vehicles (FCV), there are other vehicle concepts under development, which are also based on electric drives ranked by increasing battery involvement in the propulsion system, and thus extended battery driving range, these are hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEV) - which both incorporate an ICE - and, finally, pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV), without an ICE. While electric mobility in its broadest sense refers to all electric-drive vehicles, that is, vehicles with an electric-drive motor powered by batteries, a fuel cell, or a hybrid drive train, the focus in this chapter is on (primarily) battery-driven vehicles, i.e., BEV and PHEV, simply referred to as electric vehicles in the following. 

Axsen, J., Burke, A. and Kurani, K. (2008). Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Goals and the State of Technology Circa 2008. Report UCD-ITS-RR-08-14. Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California. 

CERA (Cambridge Energy Research Associates) (2008a). From the Pump to the Plug -What is the Potential of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Cambridge MA CERA. 

Denholm, P. and Short, W. (2006). An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Technical Report NREL/TP-620-40293, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado. 

Duvall, M. (2004). Advanced Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles A Technology and Cost-effectiveness Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, Power Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Report 1009299. Palo Alto, CA Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 

PAFC PEMFC PFC PGM PHEV PISI PM POX ppm PPP Phosphoric-acid fuel cell Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell Polymer-electrolyte membrane Perfluorocarbons Platinum-group metals Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle Port-injection spark ignition Particulate matter Partial oxidation Parts per million Purchasing power parity... 

Clean diesel cars that deliver very high mileage are extremely popular in Europe. Meanwhile, some municipalities, such as the city of Seattle, Washington, are investing in buses and other vehicles that are hybrids or run on alternative fuels. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will soon soar in production and popularity. 

FIGURE 12.1 Diagram of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). 

The prognosis, then, for road transportation is for a varied mix of propulsion systems and fuels as conventional petroleum becomes less plentiful and prices rise. Internal combustion engines operating with synthetic liquid fuels (hydrocarbons, alcohols and bio-diesel) are expected to appear in increasing numbers, often supported by hybrid electric drives to reduce fuel consumption. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles may become popular when more durable and affordable batteries become available. This would allow the power source to be part liquid fuel and part mains electricity. Some of the major obstacles to be overcome with hydrogen-fuelled vehicles are ... 

Simpson, A. (2006) Cost-benefit analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle technology . National Renewable Energy Laboratory conference report CP-540-40485, Golden, CO. 

The fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is an electric vehicle just like the battery electric vehicle (BEV), the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). HEVs have been sold since 1997 and BEVs were marketed in a period in the 1990s and in the early 2000s, but with little success. Several large car producers have announced that they will reintroduce BEVs and PHEVs in 2009-11. 

Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle. This is a hybrid vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source. 

BE vehicles. Results of one study found out that coal-to-liquid fuels and coal-to-hydrogen will most likely increase emissions, while coal-to-electricity combined with carbon capture and sequestration could cut emissions in half using short range (60 km) plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) for some of the vehicle fleet demand. In reality, this study proves that coal for transportation could be argued for increased energy security (Jaramillo et al, 2009). However, coal-based electricity with carbon sequestration costs as much as, or more than, wind power does today. The cost of photovoltaic electricity is steadily falling, as well. 

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