Hybrid Electric Vehicle batteries

ELECTRIC VEfflCLE/HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES... 

Kim I (2008) Nonlinear state of charge estimator for hybrid electric vehicle battery. IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 2027-2034. doi 10.1109/TPEL.2008.924629... 

Li-ion and Ni-MH are the only two batteries currently used for all-electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Battery pack weight and cost are the most critical... 

TABLE 37.2 PNGV Technical Targets for Power-Assisted (Targets Shown in Parentheses) and for Dual-Mode Hybrid Electric Vehicle Batteries. Targets are Shown for a 400 V-Battery System... 

Though sodium-sulfur batteries have been under development for many years, major problems still exists with material stability. It is likely that the first commercial uses of this batteiy will not be for electric vehicles. Sodium-sulfur storage batteries may be more well-suited for hybrid electric vehicles or as part of a distributed energy resources system to provide power ill remote areas or to help meet municipal peak power requirements. 

In conclusion, the surface modified natural graphite has good performance in PC based electrolyte and also meets the power requirements for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. Surface carbon coated natural graphite SLC1015 is a very promising material in high power Li-ion batteries with lower cost, reasonable safety, and low irreversible capacity. 

Lithium-ion batteries are being seriously considered for application in all-electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV s) because of their high power and energy densities [1, 2], The U.S. Department of... 

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride batteries which are currently used for energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Currently, Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials are the most widely studied cathode materials for the high-power lithium-ion batteries [1-4]. Although Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials meet the initial power requirement for the HEY application, however, it has been reported that they... 

Besides fuel-cell (electric) vehicles (FCV), there are other vehicle concepts under development, which are also based on electric drives ranked by increasing battery involvement in the propulsion system, and thus extended battery driving range, these are hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEV) - which both incorporate an ICE - and, finally, pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV), without an ICE. While electric mobility in its broadest sense refers to all electric-drive vehicles, that is, vehicles with an electric-drive motor powered by batteries, a fuel cell, or a hybrid drive train, the focus in this chapter is on (primarily) battery-driven vehicles, i.e., BEV and PHEV, simply referred to as electric vehicles in the following. 

Axsen, J., Burke, A. and Kurani, K. (2008). Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Goals and the State of Technology Circa 2008. Report UCD-ITS-RR-08-14. Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California. 

Duvall, M. (2004). Advanced Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles A Technology and Cost-effectiveness Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, Power Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Report 1009299. Palo Alto, CA Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 

Electrochemical capacitors have been studied for many years. The first patents date back to 1957, where a capacitor based on high surface area carbon was described by Becker. Later in 1969 first attempts to market such devices were undertaken by Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO). However, only in the 1990s did electrochemical capacitors become famous in the context of hybrid electric vehicles. The electrochemical capacitor (EC) was supposed to boost the battery or the fuel cell in the hybrid electric vehicle to provide the necessaiy power for acceleration, and additionally allow for recuperation of brake energy (Viswanathan, 2006). 

Substituted nickel oxides, such as LiNii j /3ojAl/l2, are prime candidates for the cathode of advanced lithium batteries for use in large-scale systems as required for hybrid electric vehicles. On charging these mixed oxides the nickel is oxidized first to Ni + then the cobalt to Co +. SAFT has constructed cells with these substituted nickel oxides that have been cycled 1000 times at 80% depth of discharge with an energy density of 120—130 Wh/kg. ... 

The battery industry has seen enormous growth over the past few years in portable, rechargeable battery packs. The majority of this surge can be attributed to the widespread use of cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA s), laptop computers, and other wireless electronics. Batteries remained the mainstream source of power for systems ranging from mobile phones and PDA s to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The world market for batteries was approximately 41 billion in 2000, which included 16.2 billion primary and 24.9 billion secondary cells. 

Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) A vehicle that is powered by two or more energy sources, one of which is electricity. HEVs may combine the engine and fuel system of a conventional vehicle with the batteries and electric motor of an electric vehicle in a single drive train. 

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