Gasoline-electric hybrid

One of the latest attempts to reduce carbon emissions in cars is the development of the gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle, or hybrid car. A hybrid car uses two sources of energy a traditional, fossil-fuel-powered engine and a battery that stores electrical energy. A hybrid car can burn fossil fuels and run on a traditional engine or, at other times, the car runs on clean electric power. Because it runs partly on electricity, a hybrid emits much less atmospheric carbon dioxide and other pollutants. 

Overall, fuel cell technology is still underdeveloped. Many technical challenges remain and much more research needs to be done in order to achieve technical breakthroughs. Two things need to improve the technical level of fuel cell vehicles to that of existing internal combustion engines and gasoline-electric hybrids. First, at the basic research level, there needs... 

Information on LIB battery failures and maintenance issues can also be found in NREL evaluations of hybrid and electric transit bus fleets operating in many US cities [58,59]. These reports evaluate HEB and EB fleets such as the New York City Transit BAE Orion diesel hybrid bus fleet, Long Beach Transit gasoline-electric hybrids. King County Metro Allison HEB, and Knoxville Area Transit Ebus EB and trolleys. For instance, the NREL multigenerational comparison of Orion/BAE HEBs operating in the New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority transit fleet [60] identified the key LIB performance, durability, and safety improvements needed for transit reliability, availability and durability [61]. 

See also Automobile Performance Electric Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicles Gasoline Engine Hybrid Vehicles. 

Gasoline to Hydrogen - A New Route for Fuel Cells," ANL, Electric Hybrid Vehicle Technology of97,1997. 

Hybrid gasoline-electric automobiles made by Toyota and Honda are selling well in the U.S. 

Toyota and Honda have been selling hybrid gasoline/electric cars in the U.S. since 2001. Sales of Toyota s Prius in the U.S. reached more than 100,000 for the full year in both 2005 and 2006. During 2007, sales soared to more than 178,000. Toyota reached an impressive milestone in 2007, when total global... 

Figure 4.8. Simulation results for the Little Red Ridinghood fuel cell-electric hybrid vehicle with 20 kW of fuel cells and 113 kg of Li ion batteries. Equivalent gasoline fuel use is 2.4 litre per 100 km. See text for further discussion (Sorensen, 2004h).

Ahmed, S., Kumar, R., Krumpelt, M. (1997), Gasoline to Hydrogen - a New Route for Fuel Cells, Electric Hybrid Vehicle Technology 97, p. 77, UK and Int. Press, UKIP, L. 

Metro Mobility of Minneapolis, St Paul, Minnesota, acquired smaller Azure Dynamics (AZD) gasoline-electric parallel hybrid buses with the AZD Balance Hybrid Drive and Forcedrive LIBs with lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) chemistry from Johnson Controls-Saft. 

Transportation accounts for about one-fourth of the primary energy consumption in the United States. And unlike other sectors of the economy that can easily switch to cleaner natural gas or electricity, automobiles, trucks, nonroad vehicles, and buses are powered by internal-combustion engines burning petroleum products that produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Efforts are under way to accelerate the introduction of electric, fuel-cell, and hybrid (electric and fuel) vehicles to replace sonic of these vehicles in both the retail marketplace and in commercial, government, public transit, and private fleets. These vehicles dramatically reduce harmful pollutants and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 50 percent or more compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. 

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