Hybrid electric vehicles micro

EV, electric vehicles HEV, micro or high-powered (HP) hybrid electric vehicles PHEV, plug-in electric vehicles. 

The micro-hybrid electric vehicles are the simplest versions that improve fuel efficiency. Burke et al. [2] used a small electric motor and a module of 18 commercial carbon-carbon double-layer-based ESs. They demonstrated a 40% improvement in fuel economy with the Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) and an increase in engine efficiency of 30% in comparison to an ICE of 19%. 

In addition to the fimctions envisaged for micro and mild hybrids, a full hybrid vehicle allows starting and driving with the electric motor alone. Obviously, due to the limited size of electric motor and batteries, the all-electric range is limited. 

This global context has forced automobile manufacturers to equip vehicles with micro-hybrid systems (example stop and start, the engine is stopped when it is not necessary), full hybrids (mixed operation of the vehicle with conventional thermal and/or electric propulsion), or even purely electric. In the near future, the use of hydrogen is also being considered. 

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