Hybrid electric vehicles PHEVs

Besides fuel-cell (electric) vehicles (FCV), there are other vehicle concepts under development, which are also based on electric drives ranked by increasing battery involvement in the propulsion system, and thus extended battery driving range, these are hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEV) - which both incorporate an ICE - and, finally, pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV), without an ICE. While electric mobility in its broadest sense refers to all electric-drive vehicles, that is, vehicles with an electric-drive motor powered by batteries, a fuel cell, or a hybrid drive train, the focus in this chapter is on (primarily) battery-driven vehicles, i.e., BEV and PHEV, simply referred to as electric vehicles in the following. 

Axsen, J., Burke, A. and Kurani, K. (2008). Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Goals and the State of Technology Circa 2008. Report UCD-ITS-RR-08-14. Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California. 

FIGURE 12.1 Diagram of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). 

The fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is an electric vehicle just like the battery electric vehicle (BEV), the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). HEVs have been sold since 1997 and BEVs were marketed in a period in the 1990s and in the early 2000s, but with little success. Several large car producers have announced that they will reintroduce BEVs and PHEVs in 2009-11. 

BE vehicles. Results of one study found out that coal-to-liquid fuels and coal-to-hydrogen will most likely increase emissions, while coal-to-electricity combined with carbon capture and sequestration could cut emissions in half using short range (60 km) plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) for some of the vehicle fleet demand. In reality, this study proves that coal for transportation could be argued for increased energy security (Jaramillo et al, 2009). However, coal-based electricity with carbon sequestration costs as much as, or more than, wind power does today. The cost of photovoltaic electricity is steadily falling, as well. 

EV, electric vehicles HEV, micro or high-powered (HP) hybrid electric vehicles PHEV, plug-in electric vehicles. 

Battery pack development for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) includes many of the same considerations involved in the development of battery packs for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Typical Li-ion battery packs, also called rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), generally include four main components (1) lithium-ion battery cells, (2) mechanical structure and/or modules, (3) battery management system (BMS) and electronics, and (4) thermal management system. 

The ingredients of a Li-ion battery depend on the desired performance characteristics. For a high-energy application such as a battery for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) without an internal combustion engine, specific energy is the key property to maximize. Alternatively, for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), the battery specific power is more critical. The battery performance characteristics will determine the amount of active materials and the requisite structural materials that contain them within the battery. We used Argonne National Laboratory s Battery Performance and Cost (BatPaC) model [9,10] to develop a materials inventory for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), PHEV and BEV batteries. 

Despite uncertainty, the market for high-end UBs is predicted to double every five years. Growth is driven by the high-tech consumer sector—cell phones, smartphones, notebook, tablets—and also by mobility applications, primarily plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) (Figure 24.1). 

The performance of the vehicles has also improved. In 2010, Daimler stated that its current FGV had a stack hfetime of 110000 km, and projected that this would improve to 250 000 km by 2020 [4]. GM similarly predicts a lifetime of 200 000 km and 5500 h [3]. Further, a 2010 study by a consortium of over 30 stakeholders from various industries concluded that current FGVs display performance, ranges and refuehng times comparable to those of conventional vehicles on the market today, and that the total cost of ownership for aU powertrains studied [internal combustion engine (IGE) vehicles, fuel cell vehicles (EGVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs)] are expected to converge by 2025 [5]. 

A.R. Jha, author of 10 books on alternative energy and other topics, outlines rechargeable battery requirements for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). He identifies the unique materials for electrolytes, cathodes, and anodes that are most cost-effective with significant improvements in weight, size, efficiency, reliability, safety, and longevity. Since electrode kinetics play a key role in the efficient operation of fuel cells, the book also provides you with a foundation in the basic laws of electrochemical kinetics. 

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