Hybrid electric vehicles energy demands

BE vehicles. Results of one study found out that coal-to-liquid fuels and coal-to-hydrogen will most likely increase emissions, while coal-to-electricity combined with carbon capture and sequestration could cut emissions in half using short range (60 km) plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) for some of the vehicle fleet demand. In reality, this study proves that coal for transportation could be argued for increased energy security (Jaramillo et al, 2009). However, coal-based electricity with carbon sequestration costs as much as, or more than, wind power does today. The cost of photovoltaic electricity is steadily falling, as well. 

Cost is also a drawback. Lithium batteries are currently used for small applications such as laptop computers, but they will need to be less expensive before they can be routinely used in larger, more energy-demanding applications such as electric or hybrid vehicles. 

A number of different lithium secondary systems serve for very low energy demands of electronic modules as memories and clocks. The batteries for these fields of application are manufactured as button cells. These cells are described first. Then for medium and high energy requirements lithium-ion batteries are explained. Today they are widely applied for portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and notebooks, which need much more energy than the aforementioned components for as many hours as possible (practically today up to 4 hours in notebooks). On the developmental stage it has been attempted to apply the lithium-ion technology also for much bigger accumulators, e.g. for so-called hybrid vehicles with a combined combustion and electric propulsion system. 

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