Norwalk virus

Bertolotti-Ciarlet, A., White, L. J., Chen, R., Prasad, B. V., and Estes, M. K. (2002). Structural requirements for the assembly of Norwalk virus-like particles. /. Virol. 76, 4044- 1055. 

Hutson, A. M., Airaud, F., LePendu, J., Estes, M. K., and Atmar, R. L. (2005). Norwalk virus infection associates with secretor status genotyped from sera. /. Med. Virol. 77,116-120. 

Jiang, X., Wang, M., Wang, K., and Estes, M. K. (1993). Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus. Virology 195, 51-61. 

Liu, P., Yuen, Y., Hsiao, H. M., Jaykus, L. A., and Moe, C. (2010). Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76,394-399. 

Marionneau, S., Airaud, F., Bovin, N. V., Le Pendu, J., and Ruvoen-Clouet, N. (2005). Influence of the combined ABO, FUT2, and FUT3 polymorphism on susceptibility to Norwalk virus attachment. J. Infect. Dis. 192,1071-1077. 

X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid. Science 286, 287-290. 

The most widely studied therapeutic proteins produced in plants include monoclonal antibodies for passive immunotherapy and antigens for use as oral vaccines [40]. Antibodies against dental caries, rheumatoid arthritis, cholera, E. coli diarrhea, malaria, certain cancers, Norwalk virus, HIV, rhinovirus, influenza, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus have been produced in transgenic plants. However, the anti-Streptococcus mutans secretory antibody for the prevention of dental caries is the only plant-derived antibody currently in Phase II clinical trials [40]. Until recently, most antibodies were expressed in tobacco, potato, alfalfa, soybean, rice and wheat [9], It has been estimated that for every 170 tons of harvested tobacco, 100 tons represents harvested leaves. A single hectare could thus yield 50 kg of secretory IgA [3, 41]. Furthermore, it has been estimated that the cost of antibody production in plants is half that in transgenic animals and 20 times lower than in mammalian cell cul-... 

Norwalk virus (NV) capsid protein Potato tuber tobacco leaf Mice and humans developed serum IgG and secretory IgA specific for recombinant NV. Immunogenic in mice and humans when administered orally. 45,57... 

Research on other edible vaccines is in the pipeline (1) potatoes and bananas that might protect against Norwalk virus, a common cause of diarrhea, and (2) potatoes and tomatoes that might protect against hepatitis B. 

When the diarrhea is not viral (Noro formerly known as Norwalk virus) or protozoal Entamoeba) or caused by a toxin (shell-flsh poisoning) it is often caused by either Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter or Yersinia species. In some countries there is a high prevalence of Vibrio cholerae - GTI causing severe watery diarrhea. Clostridium difficile enterocolitis is related to prior antibiotic treatment but also observed during chemotherapy. 

NT070 Mason, H. S., J. M. Ball, J. J. Shi, X. Jiang, M. K. Estes, and C. J. Amtzen. Expression of Norwalk virus capsid protein in transgenic tobacco and potato and its oral immunogenicity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93(11) 5335-5340. 

Zhang, X., Buehner, N.A., Hutson, A.M., Estes, M.K., and Mason, H.S. (2006). Tomato is a highly effective vehicle for expression and oral immunization with Norwalk virus capsid protein. Plant Biotechnol J. 4(4) 419 32. 

A number of virus diseases and virus related topics are described in this encyclopedia. Check alphabetical index for antiviral drugs, cancer research, cluckenpox, common cold coxsackie virus, dengue (breakbone fever), hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, influenza, measles, mumps, Norwalk virus, poliomyelitis, rabies. Rift Valley fever, vaccinia, virus diseases (plants), and yellow fever. 

White LJ, Hardy ME, Estes MK (1997), Biochemical characterization of a smaller form of recombinant Norwalk virus capsids assembled in insect cells, J. Virol. 71 8066-8072. 

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