In vivo effects

In Vivo Effects of Florfenicol. Comparative acute toxicities of florfenicol, chloramphenicol, and thiamphenicol in mice ate given in Table 6. As can be seen, florfenicol is similar to thiamphenicol in acute toxicity by oral and subcutaneous (sc) adininistration, but is comparable to chloramphenicol by intraperitoneal (ip) and intravenous (iv) routes. Semm levels in mice following either a single or subcutaneous dose of 200 mg/kg of amphenicol have... 

FIGURE 9.13 Cardiovascular responses to the PDE inhibitor fenoximone in different contexts, (a) In vivo effects of fenoximone in anesthetized dogs. Ordinates reflect positive inotropy. Redrawn from [47]. (b) In vitro effects of fenoximone in guinea pig untreated isolated left atria (filled circles) and atria in the presence of sub threshold P-adrenoceptor stimulation with prenalterol (open circles). Redrawn from [48]. 

Ronis, M.J.J. and Mason, Z. (1996). The metabolism of testosterone by the periwinkle in vitro and in vivo effects of TBT. Marine Environmental Research 42, 161-166. 

Wilson, V.S., Lambright, C., Ostby, J., and Gray, L.E. (2002). In vitro and in vivo effects of 17 beta-trenbolone A feedlot effluent contaminant. Toxicological Sciences 70, 202-211. 

To obtain an increased intrinsic capacity to transgress biological membranes, a number of different modifications have been introduced to PNA. These modifications include conjugation of PNA to Hpophilic moieties [51, 97, 98], conjugation of PNA to certain so-caUed ceU-penetrating peptides [49, 55, 56, 66, 99-102] and conjugation to different moieties, which are supposed to be internahzed by specific cellular receptors [48, 103-105]. The work on cellular dehvery of PNA is, like the related work on ex vivo and in vivo effects of PNA, very difficult to summarize conclusively. First of all, the pronounced diversity of the reporter systems employed makes it impossible to directly compare the studies. Secondly, the widespread use of fluorescence studies in spite of the many inherent pitfalls of this technique makes it sometimes difficult to judge even qualitatively whether a presented result actually indicates cellular uptake. We have recently published a comprehensive review on cellular dehvery of PNA [82], with a more detailed assessment of the PNA dehvery hterature. 

Marsden, CA (1987) Measurements of hypothalmic adrenaline release in vivo—effects of drugs and electrical stimulation. Neuropharmacol. 22 823-830. 

Data about curcunfin encapsulated in liposomes have been reported recently. The authors encapsulated curcumin into a liposomal delivery system in order to study the in vitro and in vivo effects of this compound on proliferation, apoptosis, signaling, and angiogenesis using human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Carotenoids of different polarities and in competition with cholesterol were specifically incorporated into liposomes in order to mimic the physiological uptake by cells and monitor their antioxidant capacities. ... 

Li, L., Braiteh, F.S., and Kurzrock, R., Liposome-encapsulated curcumin in vitro and in vivo effects on proliferation, Apopf. Signal. Angiogen. Cancer, 104, 1322, 2005. Socaciu, C., Jessel, R., and Diehl, H.A., Competitive carotenoid and cholesterol incorporation into liposomes effects on membrane phase transition, fluidity, polarity... 

Contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on 5-HT axons Immunocytochemical studies in hippocampal slices. Abstr Soc Neurosci 14 210, 1988. 

Chloro- and sulfonamide-substituted aromatic amides showed decreased binding affinity and in vivo potency compared to the simple aliphatic amides. Side chains with an additional (CH2)i-2 linker between the amide and the phenylsulfonamide group resulted in partial or absent in vivo effects [113]. The (CH2)-linked compound, (153), showed around 80-fold selectivity for CB2 over CBi binding [107]. 

The effects of D-glucose observed in vivo are not well reproduced in vitro. Madara [203] reported that cytoskeletal contraction and enhanced paracellular permeability were observed only in an in situ perfusion preparation and not in an isolated tissue preparation. Although its in vivo effect was not tested, 25 mM D-glucose, an effective concentration in the jejunum [47], failed to enhance the in vitro transport of sotalol (log PC = -0.62), atenolol (log PC = 0.16), or nadolol (log PC = 0.93) across the isolated conjunctiva [213], For a similar reason and possibly due to the absence of a Na+-glucose cotransporter in the cornea, 25 mM D-glucose was ineffective in increasing the corneal transport of these three drugs. 

Although the cellular concentrations of lycopene or its oxidation products may be too low to have a general antioxidant or pro-oxidant effect on cells, there is sufficient evidence of its in vivo effect on the classical measures of oxidative stress to indicate that its participation in the redox state... 

Schwartz, J.-C., Lampart, C. Rose, C. (1972). Histamine formation in rat brain in vivo effects of histidine loads. J. Neurochem. 19, 801-10. 

Finkelman, F.D., Madden, KB., Morris, S.C., Flolmes, J.M., Boiani, N., Katona, I.M. and Maliszewski, C.R. (1993) Anti-cytokine antibodies as carrier proteins prolongation of in vivo effects of exogenous cytokines by injection of cytokine-anti-cytokine antibody complexes. Journal of Immunology 151, 1235-1244. 

T. Salmonson, and G. Amidon. The effect of amiloride on the in vivo effective permeability of amoxicillin in human jejunum experience from a regional perfusion technique., Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2002, 15, 271-277... 

This section contains examples applying the presented concepts in which measured Cb and /U/b, satellite rat neuropharmacokinetic studies, and/or measured Cp and fU/P were used to determine compound-dependent Cb,u required for a specific mechanism-mediated in vivo effect. The presented studies demonstrate the utility of Cb,u in defining target pharmacology relationships for small molecules affecting transmembrane proteins. 

Lotito SB and Frei B. 2004. Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects. Free Radic Biol Med 36(2) 201—211. 

In accord with in vitro studies we should expect that the in vivo effects of MFs must have been the damaging ones. There are only few experimental in vivo and ex vivo studies, which, nonetheless, support this suggestion. Recently, we have showed for the first time (personal communication by LG Korkina, IB Deeva, IB Afanas ev) that MF effects may be much greater under pathophysiological than physiological conditions. We have studied the effects of a weak alternative magnetic field on leukocytes from Fanconi anemia (FA) patients, compared to... 

Completing the discussion on the antioxidant properties of (3-blockers, we should like to comment on the study of in vivo effects of carvedilol in humans. Recently, it has been shown... 

In spite of a high reactivity of 3-carotene in free radical reactions and marked antioxidant effects in in vitro systems, 3-carotene did not show itself as an effective in vivo antioxidant. Furthermore, recent clinical trials suggested that the administration of 3-carotene may be useless or even harmful to patients with heart and some other diseases, especially to smokers. One might suspect that one of the major reasons of toxic in vivo effects of 3-carotene might be the formation of prooxidative compounds during 3-carotene oxidation. In contrast to... 

The availability of large quantities of recombinant TNF-a facilitates rigorous investigation of the effects of this cytokine on cells in vitro, as well as its systemic in vivo effects. Like most cytokines, TNF-a exhibits pleiotropic effects on various cell types. The major biological responses induced by this cytokine include ... 

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