Drag synthesis

Research in the area of antiviral drag synthesis has only recently allowed a significant step to be made in the area of treating diseases caused by herpes simplex virus, and just recently for treating AIDS. These drags act by inhibiting the process of virus cell multiplication. 

In addition to a detailed account of the drag synthesis, each chapter also covers background material on the drag class and/or disease indication, as well as key aspects relevant to the discovery of the drag, including, structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, drag metabolism, efficacy and safety. 

The main applications of microwave in pharmaceutical industries are drying, sterilization, thawing, production of ointments, sustained release dosage forms, drag synthesis and drag extraction. 

Most aiititubercular drag s are bacteriostatic (slow or retard the growth of bacteria) against the M. tuberculosis bacillus. These dm usually act to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, which slows the multiplication rate of the bacteria. Only isoniazid is bactericidal, with rifampin and streptomycin having some bactericidal activity. 

The biaiyl phenol (X) was the penultimate intermediate in the synthesis of this final drag substance. Thus after the Suzuki coupling reaction is performed to give the phenol, the levels of Pd have to be lowered to < 10 ppm. In the pharma industry this can be a significant problem. Additionally there is always batch to batch variability observed when catalysts like Pd2(dba)3 have been used in Suzuki couphng reactions. 

In addition to solvent uses, esters of lactic acid can be used to recover pure lactic acid via hydrolysis, which in-tum is used to make optically active dilactide and subsequently polylactic acid used for drag delivery system.5 This method of recovery for certain lactic acid applications is critical in synthesis of medicinal grade polymer because only optically active polymers with low Tg are useful for drug delivery systems. Lactic acid esters themselves can also be directly converted into polymers, (Figure 1), although the commercial route proceeds via ring-opening polymerization of dilactide. 

Metabolite biosynthesis has demonstrated its utility in drug metabolite preparation and characterization, and contributed to drag discovery and development. Although metabolite biosynthesis is a prerequisite step for metabolite structure elucidation in many cases, it is complementary to chemical synthesis in large-scale metabolite preparations. The merits for using these techniques should be determined on a case-by-case fashion. New techniques, such as recombinant enzyme and microbial glucuronidation systems, would have a great impact on the field. 

Cabot, M. C., Giulano, A. E., Han, T-Y., and Liu, Y-Y., 1999, SDZ PSC 833, the cyclosporin A analog and multidrug resistance modulator, activates ceramide synthesis and increases vinblastine sensitivity in drug-sensitive and drag-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Res. 59 880-885. 

Let s start with three examples of antitumor drugs that work by the inhibition of DNA synthesis methotrexate (MTX, Methopterin), 5-fluorouracil (Fluril), and 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol). These are all old cancer drags, marketed under numerous trade names, including those indicated above. Although the mechanism of action of each one is different, at the end of the day they all inhibit DNA synthesis. 

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