Nerve, trigeminal

Hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, nucleus, accumbens, solitary tract nerve, trigeminal nerve, motor nucleus of the dorsal vagal nerve, area postrema, spinal cord... 

Astringent Oral Cavity Theaflavin Free Nerve Trigeminal... 

Astringent Oral cavity Theaflavin Free nerve Trigeminal... 

Odors are perceived via the olfactory system, which is composed of two organs in the nose the olfactory epithelium, a very small area in the nasal system, and the trigeminal nerve endings, which are much more widely distributed in the nasal cavity (11). The olfactory epithelium is extremely sensitive, and humans often sniff to bring more odorant in contact with this area. The trigeminal nerves initiate protective reflexes, such as sneezing or interruption of irrhalation, with exposure to noxious odorants. 

Peripheral Cholinergic heteroreceptor -myenteric plexus Peripheral Vascular smooth muscle, autonomic terminals Peripheral autonomic and trigeminal nerve terminals Peripheral None identified ... 

Exposures of 10 weeks (5 days/week) to 2,500 mg/kg/day trichloroethylene in com oil by gavage resulted in altered myelin thickness in the rat mental nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve (Barret et al. 1991). Effects of similar exposures on the rat trigeminal nerve included decreased fiber diameter and altered fatty acid composition in total lipid extracts, indicative of demyelination (Barret et al. 1992). Stronger effects were seen with the trichloroethylene decomposition product dichloroacetylene. 

Barret L, Torch S, Leray CL, et al. 1992. Morphometric and biochemical studies in trigeminal nerve of rat after trichloroethylene or dichloroacetylene oral administration. Neurotoxicology 13 601-614. 

Feldman RG, Niles C, Proctor SP, et al. 1992. Blink reflex measurement of effects of trichloroethylene exposure on the trigeminal nerve. Muscle Nerve 15 490-495. 

Leandri M, Schizzi R, Scielzo C, et al. 1995. Electrophysiological evidence of trigeminal root damage after trichloroethylene exposure. Muscle Nerve 18 467-468. 

Absence from the first developmental stages as in whales and some Old World monkeys suggests that functional substitution is provided by other nasal chemoreceptors. The ganglia and fibres of the terminal nerve system (N. terminalis, Fig. 2.9) are the principal candidate (Wirsig and Leonard, 1987). The role of the trigeminal input, although a minor sensor, could well be expanded in a limited capacity (Tucker, 1971 Wysocki and Meredith, 1987 Westhofen, 1987). 

Bojsen-Mpller F. (1975). Demonstration of terminalis, olfactory, trigeminal and perivascular nerves in the rat nasal septum. J Comp Neurol 159, 245-256. 

Devitsina G.V. and Cherova L. (1992). The trigeminal nerve system and its interaction with olfactory and taste system in fishes. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 6 (Doty R.L. and Miiller-Schwarze D., eds.). Plenum, New York, pp. 85-88. 

Assess corneal sensation if trigeminal nerve dysfunction is suspected. 

Trigeminal nerve The fifth cranial nerve responsible for pain perception in the head and face. 

Trigeminal neuralgia A disorder of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve characterized by excruciating paroxysms of pain in the face. 

The abdominal vagus and sympathetic nerves are the most important afferent inputs involved in vomiting induced by chemotherapy and radiation [31]. The input from vestibular nerves and the cerebellum plays an important role in the motion disease [52]. The afferent inputs from vagal, trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves terminate eventually in the nucleus solitarius tract located in the medulla oblongata which has neuronal connections with other medullary areas involved in emesis, for example, area postrema [53]. 

Trigeminal neuralgia pain and spasms along the trigeminal facial nerve... 

Apart from taste, vertebrates have five different chemoreceptor systems for airborne chemosignals the main olfactory system, the vomeronasal organ (VNO), the trigeminal nerve, the septal organ of Masera, and the nervus termi-nalis. They each will be discussed in turn. All five are fully functional in most mammals (Fig. 5.1). 

In birds, the trigeminal nerve appears to play a role in food selection. Starlings more easily accepted commercial feed treated with otherwise avoided coniferyl benzoate after bilateral section of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Therefore, the trigeminal nerve may help to protect the animal by detecting plant defense compounds. Many of these compounds are astringent or irritating (Jakubas and Mason, 1991). 

Feeding repellents for pest birds are the most important application of chemical stimuli to manipulate bird behavior. Methyl anthranilate (Fig. 13.1) and dimethyl anthranilate, esters of benzoic acid, are found in concord grapes and are used as artificial flavorings. Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, have an aversion to methyl anthranilate, which irritates the trigeminal nerve, and they feed less on food flavored with a variety of anthranilates. They avoid the more volatile anthranilates most. The odor is partly responsible for the effect contact is not necessary. In one particular experiment, only volatile compounds were aversive (Mason and Clark, 1987). If only anthranilate-treated food is offered, the birds will accept more of the flavored food than they do if they offered a choice between... 

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