Ocular infection

Adverse reactions associated with administration of the corticosteroid ophthalmic preparations include elevated IOP with optic nerve damage, loss of visual acuity, cataract formation, delayed wound healing, secondary ocular infection, exacerbation of comeal infections, dry eyes, ptosis, blurred vision, discharge, ocular pain, foreign body sensation, and pruritus. 

Loteprednol 1 drop in affected eye(s) four times daily Elevated intraocular pressure, cataracts, decreased wound healing, secondary ocular infections, systemic side effects possible... 

If mast cell stabilizers or multiple-action agents are not successful, a trial of a topical NSAID is appropriate. Ketorolac is the only approved topical agent for ocular itching. NSAIDs do not mask ocular infections, affect wound healing, increase intraocular pressure, or contribute to cataract formation like the topical corticosteroids. However, for allergic conjunctivitis, topical ketorolac is not as effective as olopatadine or emedas-tine in trials.15 Full efficacy of ketorolac takes up to 2 weeks.17... 

Previous ocular or eyelid surgery Loose sutures Previous corneal surgery Ocular Surface Disease Misdirection of eyelashes Abnormal lid anatomy or function Tear film deficiencies Ocular infection such as conjunctivitis or blepharitis Systemic Conditions Diabetes mellitus... 

Comer GM, Ciulla TA, Criswell MH, Tolentino M. Current and future treatment options for nonexudative and exudative age-related macular degeneration. Drugs Aging 2004 21 967-992. Donahue SP, Khoury JM, Kowalski RP. Common ocular infections. A prescriber s guide. Drugs 1996 52 526-540. 

Some strains of P. aeruginosa are resistant to benzalkonium chloride and, in fact, can be grown in solutions concentrated in this agent. This has caused great concern because of the virulent nature of this organism in ocular infections, as discussed previously. Thus, it was an important finding in 1958 that the acquired resistance could be eliminated by the presence of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (sodium edetate) in the formulation. This action of EDTA has been correlated with its ability to chelate divalent cations, and it is commonly used as a preservative aid [125]. The use of disodium EDTA, where compatible, is recommended in concentrations up to 0.1%. 

Lenses are exposed to a broad spectrum of microbes during normal wear and handling and become contaminated relatively quickly. Failure to remove microorganisms effectively from lenses can cause ocular infections. Ocular infections, particularly those caused by pathogenic microbes, such as P. aeruginosa, can lead to the loss of the infected eye if left untreated. 

Alonzo, N. and Carr, D., N., Morphine reduces mortality in mice following ocular infection with HSV-1, Immunopharmacology, 41, 187, 1999. 

Octynoic acid, 5 34t Ocular drug delivery, 9 50 Ocular infections, sulfonamides for, 23 499 ODA/PPTA fibers, uses for, 19 734-735 Oddy test, in fine art examination/ conservation, 11 409 O-dealkylation, 9 441 Odometric titration method, 14 59 Odontalag, molecular formula and structure, 5 9 It Odor... 

Ocular complications following local or systemic administration of steroids include glaucoma, cataracts, adverse influence on specific ocular infections, pseudotumor cerebri, ptosis, mydriasis, subjective visual complaints, visual field defects, systemic absorption of the topical medication, conjunctival and palpebral petechiae, epithelial punctate keratitis, and, possibly, corneal and scleromalacia. ... 

Ocular effects Prolonged use may produce posterior subcapsular cataracts, glaucoma with possible damage to the optic nerves, and may enhance the establishment of secondary ocular infections caused by fungi or viruses. 

Infections Treatment of superficial ocular infections involving the conjunctiva or cornea (eg, conjunctivitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, acute meibomianitis, dacryocystitis) caused by strains of microorganisms susceptible to antibiotics. 

Infections of the external eye (the eyelids and conjunctiva or cornea) conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcer are distinguished from intra-ocular infections. The latter include infection of the vitreous (endoph-talmitis), uveitis and retinitis. Orbital and periorbital infections are often due to complications of sinusitis. 

Infections of the external eye can be caused by viruses and by bacteria from the respiratory tract such as pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Infections of the internal eye can be caused by the same bacteria through spread from a corneal (traumatic) ulcer or by S. aureus. The same pathogens are responsible for periorbital spread in severe sinusitis. Treponema pallidum, CMV and Toxoplasma cause intra-ocular infections. 

Sulfacetamide is used topically for treatment of ocular infections. 

Superficial ocular infections Ophthalmic fb-inch ribbon in conjunctival sac q3-4h. Skin abrasions, superficial skin infections Topical Apply to affected area 1-5 times a... 

Ophthalmic- Ocular irritation, allergic reactions, superficial ocular infection, keratitis... 

Herpes simplex virus ocular infections-. Ophthalmic 1 drop onto cornea q2h while awake. Maximum 9 drops/day. Continue until corneal ulcer has completely reepithe-lialized then, 1 drop q4h while awake (minimum 5 drops/day) for an additional 7 days. 

IL-12p40, IL-lb, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, and MIP-la. Acting as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes in vitro, besifloxacin may enhance its drug efficacy in inflammatory ocular infections. Further investigations are required to substantiate this finding. 

Topical administration in the form of drop and ointment have been used for the treatment of infected burns, wounds and the prevention of intravenous catheter infections and in the treatment of ocular infections. 

Sulfacetamide eyedrops continue to be used for treatment of superficial ocular infections. Sometimes silver-sulfadiazine cream is applied to burn surfaces to minimize or prevent bacterial growth, as well as preventing invasive infection. 

The condition when redness of the eye and the presence of a foreignbody sensation are evident. There are many causes of conjunctivitis, but the great majority are the result of acute infection or allergy. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the most common ocular infection. 

Baeyens, V., Felt-Baeyens, O., Rougier, S., Pheulpin, S., Boisrame, B., and Gurny, R. (2002), Clinical evaluation of bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts (BODI(R)) for the treatment of external ocular infections in dogs, J. Controlled Release, 85(1-3), 163-168. 

Topically administered ophthalmic preparations can affect visual acuity. Examples are lubricating gels and ointments for dry eye, antimicrobial ointments for ocular infections, and gel-forming solutions for glaucoma. Although acuity is only slightly reduced and is only temporary, this effect can be annoying to patients and may lead to noncompliance. 

The parenteral route of administration is effective only for drugs of low systemic toxicity that can be introduced into the eye at therapeutic concentrations. An important example of systemic dosing is the case of internal ocular infections, such as endophthalmitis, where a high concentration of antibiotic must be maintained. The systemic dose can also be augmented by topical drug applications to the eye. 

After the clinician has selected a drug for use, he or she needs to determine which route(s) of administration will best ensure a therapeutic concentration at the site of infection. For different types of ocular infection, topical application, oral administration, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, intravitreal injection, or a combination of routes may be appropriate (Table 11-1). 

Topical instillation of anti-infective drugs is usually the preferred mode for local therapy of ocular infections. Solution formulations are typically chosen over ointments for adults, particularly for use during waking hours, because ointments tend to blur vision after application. Ointments, on the other hand, are often preferred for infants and young children because of prolonged contact... 

Antibacterial Drugs of Choice for Initial Treatment of Ocular Infections... 

Ocular Infection Antibacterial Drugs Route of Administration... 

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