Heat water

Concentrate each of the two solutions (or eluates) to about 20 ml, by distilling off the greater part of the benzene, the distilling-flask being immersed in the boiling water-bath. Then pour the concentrated solution into an evaporating-basin, and evaporate the remaining benzene (preferably in a fume-cupboard) in the absence of free flames, i.e., on an electrically heated water-bath, or on a steam-bath directly connected to a steam-pipe. Wash the dry residue from the first eluate with petrol and then dry it in a desiccator pure o-nitroaniline, m.p. 72°, is obtained. Wash the second residue similarly with a small quantity of benzene and dry pure />--nitroaniline, m.p. 148" , is obtained. Record the yield and m.p. of each component. 

Place about 1 g. of the nitro-hydrocarbon in a boiling-tube and add 5 ml. of cone. HCl and several pieces of granulated tin. Warm the mixture and shake continuously to break up the oily drops of the nitro-compound. When all the oil has disappeared (about 3 minutes heating) pour off the liquid from any undissolved tin into a 100 ml. conical flask. Cool and add cautiously 30% aqueous NaOH solution until the precipitate formed redissolves to give a dark-coloured solution. Cool the latter thoroughly and shake well with about 15 ml. of ether. Separate the ethereal layer in a separating-funnel, wash with water and evaporate the ether in a basin on a previously heated water-bath in a fume-cupboard atoay from all flames. The residue is either... 

For temperatures up to 100°, a water bath or steam bath is generally employed. The simplest form is a beaker or an enamelled iron vessel mounted on a suitable stand water is placed in the vessel, which is heated by means of a flame. This arrangement may be used for non-inflammable liquids or for refluxing liquids of low boiling point. Since numerous liquids of low boiling point are highly inflammable, the presence of a naked flame will introduce considerable risk of fire. For such liquids a steam bath or an electrically-heated water bath, provided with a constant-level device, must be used. If the laboratory is equipped with a... 

Attention is directed to the fact that ether is highly inflammable and also extremely volatile (b.p. 35°), and great care should be taken that there is no naked flame in the vicinity of the liquid (see Section 11,14). Under no circumstances should ether be distilled over a bare flame, but always from a steam bath or an electrically-heated water bath (Fig.//, 5,1), and with a highly efficient double surface condenser. In the author s laboratory a special lead-covered bench is set aside for distillations with ether and other inflammable solvents. The author s ether still consists of an electrically-heated water bath (Fig. 11, 5, 1), fitted with the usual concentric copper rings two 10-inch double surface condensers (Davies type) are suitably supported on stands with heavy iron bases, and a bent adaptor is fitted to the second condenser furthermost from the water bath. The flask containing the ethereal solution is supported on the water bath, a short fractionating column or a simple bent still head is fitted into the neck of the flask, and the stUl head is connected to the condensers by a cork the recovered ether is collected in a vessel of appropriate size. 

In a 1 litre round-bottomed flask provided with an efficient double surface condenser, place 40 g. (39 ml.) of aniline, 50 g. (40 ml.) of carbon sulphide CAUTION inflammable) (1), and 50 g. (63-5 ml.) of absolute ethyl alcohol (2). Set up the apparatus in the fume cupboard or attach an absorption device to the top of the condenser (see Fig. 11, 8, 1) to absorb the hydrogen sulphide which is evolved. Heat upon an electrically-heated water bath or upon a steam bath for 8 hours or until the contents of the flask sohdify. When the reaction is complete, arrange the condenser for downward distillation (Fig. 11, 13, 3), and remove the excess of carbon disulphide and alcohol (CA UTION inflammable there must be no flame near the receiver). Shake the residue in the flask with excess of dilute hydrochloric acid (1 10) to remove any aniline present, filter at the pump, wash with water, and drain well. Dry in the steam oven. The yield of crude product, which is quite satisfactory for the preparation of phenyl iao-thiocyanute (Section IV.95), is 40-45 g. Recrystalhse the crude thiocarbanihde by dissolving it, under reflux, in boiling rectified spirit (filter through a hot water funnel if the solution is not clear), and add hot water until the solution just becomes cloudy and allow to cool. Pure sj/m.-diphenylthiourea separates in colourless needles, m.p, 154°,... 

Sulfur is commercially recovered from wells sunk into the salt domes along the Gulf Goast of the U.S. Using the Frasch process heated water is forced into the wells to melt the sulfur, which is then brought to the surface. 

A(C1), lieat. water batli A(Br), heat, water bath A(CH3CHClCHaCOjMe) Bd )... 

A.nnual energy and fuel costs electric energy costs chiller or compressor pumps chilled water heating water condenser or tower water weE water... 

Many organisms are exposed to some of the thermal, chemical, and physical stresses of entrainment by being mixed at the discharge with the heated water this is plume entrainment. The exact number exposed depends on the percentage of temperature decline at the discharge that is attributed to turbulent mixing rather than to radiative or evaporative cooling to the atmosphere. 

The fabric is desized after the weaving operation and then passed through a heated water bath to remove all the size. The rate at which this operation can be accompHshed depends to a great degree on solubiUty rate of the poly(vinyl alcohol). Difficulties encountered in completely removing the lubricating wax, usually tallow wax, has led to the development of several wax-free size compositions (303—311). The main component contained in these blends is PVA in combination with a small amount of a synthetic water-soluble lubricant. 

Although 600 m of water is used to make a metric ton of fertilizer, 150—240 m to make a tonne of steel, 480 m to make a tonne of gasoline, and 1000 m to make a tonne of acetate fiber, Htde if any is required chemically in any of these processes. Recycling can reduce industrial requirements by a factor of 10—50. Much of this water, particularly that for cooling, and often that for washing, can be saline. Some petroleum refiners have used salt water to remove heat (water s principal role in gasoline production), and some have actually produced table salt by evaporation in cooling towers. 

While this chapter is mainly concerned with the chemical interactions between ocean and atmosphere, a few words need to be said about the physical interactions, because of their general importance for climate. The main physical interaction between the ocean and atmosphere occurs through the exchange of heat, water and momentum, although the presence of sea-ice acts to reduce all of these exchanges to a greater or lesser extent. 

Xylenes (o 143-145°, m 138-139°, p 138°) steam or electrically heated water baths should be heated over a naked flame. 

Some liquids can vaporize with heat (water, propane). 

Some liquids lose their lubricating qualities when heated (water). 

The pour point is an indication of the lowest temperature at which a fuel oil can be stored and still be capable of flowing under gravitational forces. Fuels with higher pour points are permissible where the piping has been heated. Water and sediment in the fuel lead to fouling of the fuel system and obstruction in fuel filters. 

There is a close kinship between the chemical process industry and the nuclear electric power industry. In tact once the physics of nuclear reaction was established the rest is chemistiy and hc.it ii an.sfer. The word "reactor" is from chemistry for the location the reaction takes place.. nuclear reactor consists of a vessel in which a nuclear reaction heats water to make steam to drive a turbine o generate electricity. Thus the primary components are pipes, valves, pumps heat exchangers, and water purifiers similar to the components found in a chemical plant. Following the success of WASH-1400, PSA was used to analyze the chemical proce.ssmg of nuclear fuel and. aste preparation for disposal. 

Heating water Water in a heat exchanger used for space and process heating. It can be low, medium or high temperature, from 30 °C to 160 °C. 

The removal of a large volume of solvent prior to distillation or crystallization is frequently necessary. If the solvent and product have similar boiling points (within 75"), careful fractional distillation of the entire solution is required. In other cases, the solvent may be removed by boiling on a steam bath, by rapid distillation at atmospheric pressure, or on a rotary evaporator. The rotary evaporator, used under aspirator pressure in conjunction with a heated water bath, allows rapid removal of most solvents boiling up to about 12071 atm (Fig. A3.12a). The presence of a thin film of liquid on the... 

Wasser-bindung, /, combination of or with water, -bindungsvermbgen, n. water-binding power, -blase, /, bubble (Afed.) vesicle vessel for heating water water-storage cell,... 

Black soon realized that latent heat must also play a part in vaporizing water. In 1762 Black carried out a series of investigative experiments. The time to heat water from 50°F to the boiling point was compared with the time it took the water to boil away. From these experiments Black calculated that the amount of heat required to evaporate water was equal to that required to raise the water to 810°F, were this to he possible. Black went on to make a second hut closely... 

---