Water, density specific heat

TABLE 2 355 Density, Specific Heats at Constant Pressure and at Constant Volume and Velocity of Sound for Compressed Water, 1-1000 bar, 0-150" C... 

Heat of Solution in Water Bulk Density Specific Heat (J/(kg°K)... 

Whilst this theory renders the problem considerably more complex than Rontgen s binary theory, it enables explanations of a more satisfactory character to be given for the abnormalities in density, specific heat, etc. It is, further, quite in harmony with accepted views on molecular equilibria in general. If ice molecules can exist in water at the lower temperatures, there is no apparent reason why steam... 

Chemical formula Molecular weight Freezing/melting point Boiling point Density, d420 Heat of solution in water Bulk density Specific heat (J/(kg -K) 0°C 50°C 100°C 150°C... 

A homogeneous chemical substance, for example an element such as sulphur or a compound such as water, may exist in several, and must be capable of existing in at least three different forms, viz. as gas, as liquid, and as solid. In many cases the solid may exist in various allotropic modifications, which differ from one another in crystalline form, melting point, density, specific heat, and, in fact, in all their ph5rsical properties. Every portion of matter which is in itself homogeneous, i.e. in which the smallest visible particles are exactly alike, and which is therefore separated in space from every other homogeneous but dissimilar portion of matter, was called by Willard Gibbs a phase. ... 

The physical properties of nonnewtonian fluids necessary for the study of forced convection heat transfer are the thermal conductivity, density, specific heat, viscosity, and elasticity. In general these properties must be measured as a function of temperature and, in some instances, of shear rate. In the special case of aqueous polymer solutions it is recommended that all properties except the viscous and elastic properties be taken to be the same as those of water. 

This table summarizes the best available values of the density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp, vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension for liquid water in the range 0 — 100 °C. All values (except vapor pressure) refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The temperature scale is IPTS-68. 

Only a very limited range of measiuements of physical properties has been made, and for dilute and moderately concentrated aqueous solutions of commonly used polymers including carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, carbopol, polyacrylamide, density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion and surface tension differ from the values for water by no more than 5-10% [Porter, 1971 Cho and Hartnett, 1982 Irvine, Jr. et al., 1987]. Thermal conductivity might be expected to be shear rate dependent, because both apparent viscosity and thermal conductivity are dependent on structure. Although limited measmements [Loulou et al., 1992] on carbopol solutions confirm this, the effect is small. For engineering design calculations, there will be little error in assuming that all the above physical properties of aqueous polymer solutions, except apparent viscosity, are eqnal to the values for water. 

As mentioned above, van Krevelen (1990) presents semi-empirical, group-contribution methods and data for each group in a polymer repeating unit. Data are provided to estimate a host of polymer properties, including the density, specific heat, glass-transition temperature, water absorption, and refractive index. For a specific property, these are in one of two forms ... 

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers, 13-42 to 69 Specific gravity see Density Specific heat see Heat capacity Specific volume see also Density mercury, 6-145 sodium chloride solutions, 6-9 water, 8-134... 

Progressive chlorination of a hydrocarbon molecule yields a succession of Hquids and/or soHds of increasing nonflammability, density, and viscosity, as well as improved solubiUty for a large number of inorganic and organic materials. Other physical properties such as specific heat, dielectric constant, and water solubihty decrease with increasing chlorine content. 

---