Water heating circuits

Hot water heat exchanger. In this H/Ex., heat contained in some of the refrigerant vapor from the first stage generator is transferred to a two pipe, closed loop, hot water heating circuit. 

The combustor is assembled of flanged, spool-shaped water-cooled metal components, each with its own water-cooling circuit and pressure shell. No ceramic linings are used. Gas pressure is contained by stainless steel outer shells and the internal surfaces subject to high heat fluxes are lined with low alloy water-cooled panels. 

Heat exchangers with flowing cold electrolyte in fresh-water heat pump reservoirs must be treated similarly [9]. Here the cold electrolyte circuit need not have expensive insulated bushings installed as shown in Fig. 20-3, and the entire water pump equipment does not have to be grounded but must be covered to prevent contact. Electrical separation as in Fig. 20-3 is only undertaken with hot-water heat exchangers. 

This is a conventional water loop heat pump system using a boiler and cooling tower to maintain the water loop temperature (see Measures S15-S17 in Section 6.2). Since outside air handling unit and other terminal devices like unit heaters, wall fin convectors, etc which are often used with this water loop heat pump system need a different operating water temperature than that of the water loop, a plate heat exchanger is used between the primary heating circuit... 

When the temperature of the heating water falls below the design temperature during the heating season, the water stored in the tank will be released to the heating circuit. The water-to-water heat pump will maintain the temperature of stored water in the tank. The storage tank allows the heat pump water heater to operate at a lower output than the heating demand of the... 

Figure 24. Scheme of multilamp immersion-type photochemical installation for the photocatalyzed oxidative degradation of industrial waste water [12]. A Bypass circuit. B Reactor circuit. 1 Gas-liquid mixture and injection. 2 Reservoir. 3 Pump (ceramics). 4 Water pump. 5 Heating circuit. 6 Cooling circuit, hv Medium pressure mercury lamps (Pyrex). T Thermometers. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard E422 provides details for the construction of a single circuit, water-cooled calorimeter probe to measure heat flux [27]. Anderson and Stresino [28], Reed [29], and Fay [30] studied flames impinging on a so-called surface probe. In those studies, two identical, water-cooled copper plates were connected in series and separated by a thermal barrier. A single water-cooling circuit passed across both sections. The flame was traversed from the first to the second section. The water temperature rise through each plate was measured as a function of distance from the flame centerline. The data was inverted to determine the spatial heat flux distribution. See Reed... 

Storage combination boiler or storage combi boiler A boiler with an internal hot water tank with an overall volume greater or equal to 15 liters but less than 70 liters. It is a combi boiler with an internal hot water storage of at least 70 liters, where the space heating circuit is not taken directly from the storage. 

Combined primary storage unit (CPSU) The unit is designed to provide both space heating water and the domestic hot water, a burner heats a thermal store that contains the primary water, which is also the space heating circuit water. The store must have a volume of at least 70 liters and the water in the storage is used directly to space heating circuit. 

In case off-site power is available, the decay heat is removed through normal heat transport path of secondary sodium and water/steam circuits. Additionally, an independent safety grade passive direct reactor cooling system consisting of 4 independent circuits of 6 MWt nominal capacity each has been provided. Each of these circuits comprises of one sodium to sodium heat exchanger dipped in reactor hot pool, one sodium to air heat... 

Space heating and hot water supply A similar system to the one discussed above may be used to blow hot air into the foundry hall for space heating. Alternatively, a water-water heat-exchange is used to heat a water circuit for radiators or for hot water supply. 

Cooiing method internai ciosed ioop water cooied circuit, with integrated water cooiing unit, inciuding redundant pump set, water to water heat exchanger and three-way vaive in primary side to controi internai circuit temperature in order to avoid condensation. 

In the event of failure of all the heat removal loops of the secondary circuit, the primary reactor water heats up and starts to evaporate. The heat-up time depends on conditions in the reactor and in the environment and ranges from several hours up to several days. Evaporated primary water passes to the air space of the reactor hall and condenses on the inner surfaces of the containment which conducts heat to the environment. There is also a quite substantial heat loss into the ground surrounding the reactor aided by the large siuface area of the reactor tank. Devices to assist condensation in the leak tight reactor hall are envisaged, as is return of the condensate to the reactor. 

There is a second system of residual heat removal providing heat removal from the core by injection of water from the water storage tank of the district heating circuit. Both systems for emergency heat removal operate by natural circulation. 

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