Investigative experiments

Black soon realized that latent heat must also play a part in vaporizing water. In 1762 Black carried out a series of investigative experiments. The time to heat water from 50°F to the boiling point was compared with the time it took the water to boil away. From these experiments Black calculated that the amount of heat required to evaporate water was equal to that required to raise the water to 810°F, were this to he possible. Black went on to make a second hut closely... 

The silicophosphate cement originated with the dental silicate cement, for there is no doubt that early investigators experimented with mixtures of aluminosilicate glass and zinc oxide (Fletcher, 1878,1879 Eberly, 1928). It appears to have no particular advantages. As is often the case with hybrids, it can combine the worst features as well as the best of the parents, and often properties have intermediate values. Nevertheless, it continues to have a small but persistent usage arising from its one advantage over the... 

Laboratory investigations into the mechanism of smelt-water explosive boiling events have been primarily of value in delineating the effect of smelt composition on the sensitivity of the salt in producing RPTs. For example, pure molten sodium carbonate has never led to explosive boiling. Addition of either (or both) sodium chloride or sodium sulfide lead to smelts which are more prone to explosive boiling. Investigators experimented with many additives both to the smelt and to the water in an attempt to obtain less sensitivity. Most had little or no effect. 

Third, there is a need to determine the underlying cause since this may be on an inherited basis described as thrombophilia where all family members need to be investigated. Experience and access to a superior haemostasis laboratory is needed. Defects may extend from hyperhomocysteinaemia through sticky platelet syndrome to mutations of factors V and II or reduced levels of the naturally occurring anticoagulants. Treatments differ and more than one abnormality in what is known as genetic coexpression may co-exist. Correspondence acquired lesions may reflect environmental influences. 

The methods involved in this study are typical of those used to investigate a radical mechanism, illustrating how it is necessary to use a number of investigative experiments to test reasonable working hypotheses. Then, having developed a reasonable model, supportive information can be obtained from a relatively straightforward kinetic analysis. 

Most of the routine work in structural analysis is performed with D5000 Siemens diffractometer equipped with a Gobel mirror and an energy-dispersive detector. Raman micro-spectrometry has been recently introduced with a Labram infinity spectrometer with two laser sources, fitted with a horizontal output adapted to the investigation of vertical items like paintings or statues. For the most fine structural investigations, experiments are conducted with EXAFS, XANES or diffraction lines from various synchrotron facilities (ESRF at Grenoble, BESSY at Berlin, LURE at Paris). 

Details are given of the design of an autoclavable medical device using flexible PVC. The device was injection moulded and exposed to steam autoclaving. Surface delamination was investigated. Experiments on residual stresses after moulding and statistical analysis of the moulding process were conducted. 8 refs. 

The data of Table IX show that the composition of the a-dextrin mixture is nearly the same as in the case of the other starches investigated. Experiments with /3-amylase indicated that the fractions with M < 1300 gave high yields of maltose and that the frr. tions with higher molecular weight gave only about 50% maltose. The results are the same as for potato and corn starch. Experiments with malt a-amylase... 

Given the importance of investigator experience and qualifications to their designation as PI, the remainder of this article centers on the capabilities and responsibilities (including FDA regulations) needed to serve in this capacity. 

This paper presents Georgia-Pacific s and other investigators experience with various aspects of large environmental chamber design and operation. Experimental data and observations are presented in such topics as 1.) Common formaldehyde air test methods 2.)... 

The structural relationship between phytosterols and BRs has been proposed from the biosynthetic points of view. All naturally occurring BRs possess carbon skeletons identical to those of common phytosterols (e.g., campesterol, 24-methylene-cholesterol, isofiicosterol, sitosterol, and cholesterol). Thus, BRs may be speculatively regarded as the enzymatic oxidation products of phytosterols with the corresponding carbon skeletons, as is the case of the biosynthesis of other steroid hormones (e.g., ecdysteroids (25) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (26)). Although BL has recently been proved to be biosynthesized from CS in crown gall cells of Catharanthus roseus (27), a major part of the biosynthesis of BRs is remained to be investigated. Experiments using radio-labeled precursors are required to clarify the biosynthesis of BRs in a suitable plant system. 

Place emphasis on adoption and application of the accident investigation experiences and lessons... 

Fig. 4.30) with various substitution pattern at Cl and C2 were investigated. Experiments with alkyl substituents at C2, in place of the sulfur heteroatoms, eliminate the viability of a chelation-controlled selectivity and reveal the significance of geminal substitution [geminal substitution influenced the selectivity in other oxocarbenium ion systems [108]]. Perturbation of the Cl substituent of the oxocarbenium ion intermediate has little effect on reaction stereoselectivity, and analysis of this observation lends additional support for stereoelectronically preferred inside attack of the nucleophile. The results demonstrate that selective formation of the 1,4-c/s product 84 does not require a chelated transition stracture, reinforcing the utility of the inside attack model to analyze the reactivity of complex five-membered ring oxocarbenium ion intermediates. 

As the analysis of the investigation experience of the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Science has demonstrated, in the dumping grounds of chemically and radioactive hazardous objects, it is advisable that the subsystem for complex observation over the aquatory would consist of three types of submersible robots. 

Budwig, R. (1994). Refractive index matching methods for liquid flow investigations. Experiments... 

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