Water super-heated

The textile fibers have a limited range of application. They may be used with hot or cold water, steam, oils and ammonia up to a maximum temperature of 100°C (212°F). Asbestos fiber is more versatile, can be used as compression packing material with hot water, super-heated steam, hot oils and gases up to 310°C (590°F). 

Burns may arise from fire, hot objects/surfaces, radiant heat, very cold objects, electricity or friction. Scalds may arise from steam, hot water, hot vapour or hot or super-heated liquids. 

Fauske (1973) showed that drops of R-11 could be injected into warm water (—343 K) with little boiling. The drops, being more dense than water, fell to the bottom of the vessel. No explosions were noted. Also, for R-11 and (R-21), Chukanov and Skripov (1971) measured the super-heat-limit temperatures (see Table XVI). 

The original hydrothermal method involves heating the reactants in a closed vessel, an autoclave, with water (Figure 3.5). An autoclave is usually constructed from thick stainless steel to withstand the high pressures, and is fitted with safety valves it may be lined with non-reactive materials such as teflon. The autoclave is heated, the pressure increases, and the water remains liquid above its normal boiling temperature of 373 K, so-called super-heated water . These conditions, in which the pressure is raised above atmospheric pressure and the temperature is raised above the boiling temperature of water (but not to as high a temperature as used in the... 

CARBONIZATION OF ORGANIC WASTES USING SUPER-HEATED WATER VAPOR AND THEIR ADSORPTION PROPERTIES... 

Super-heated water vapor has been widely used in many industrial processes such as heat-exchange process and drying, and has also been used in the activation process for activated carbon production. Recently, the super-heated water vapor has been utilized in food industry for production of instant food and drying of vegetables and tea leafs. The characteristics of the super-heated water vapor [3] are (1) it can heat the materials without oxidation because it does not contain oxygen and carbon dioxide, (2) drying speed becomes much faster than super-heated air due to heat emission of water molecules, and (3) waste gas is easily recovered by condensing. 

In this work, the various organic wastes were carbonized with the super-heated water vapor at 623 K. The specific surface areas and adsorption characteristics of the carbonized materials have been studied. 

Various organic wastes were carbonized with super-heated water vapor using a rotary drum super-heated water vapor generator (SJH-IOM, Johnson Boiler, Japan) and a rotary kiln (JBT-1OM, Johnson Boiler, Japan). The organic wastes were processed at 623 K for 30 - 90 min. Process data and properties of various carbonized materials are summarized in Table 1. An activated carbon (Granular Shirasagi GS3 x 4/6, Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd., Japan) and an activated carbon prepared for alkaline gas adsorption (GAH 4-8, Cataler Corp., Japan) were used as controls. 

Various oiganic wastes could be successfidly carbonized by the super-heated water vapor at 623 K. As summarized in Table 1, the organic wastes lost SO 90 % of their original weight by 30 - 90 min treatment. Observation by scanning electron microscope (data... 

The carbonization of the organic wastes by the super-heated water vapor is an inexpensive method to convert the organic wastes to useful resources. Effects of carbonization temperature, heating rate, and other conditions on the characteristics of the carbonized materiais are extensively studying in our iaboratory. 

Elemental bismuth is inert in dry air at room temperature, but oxidizes slowly to become covered with a thin film of the oxide, which gives it a beautiful multi-colored luster. Above its melting point, it oxidizes rapidly to form an oxide film. At red heat in air, it bums with a bluish flame to give a yellow fume of bismuth oxide (BiiOj). It can also be attacked by super-heated water vapor to form the yellow oxide. Heating with sulfur produces bismuth sulfide Bi2S3 as a dark brown to grayish black solid. 

Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam is 40 MWt/I3.2 MWe sodium cooled, loop type plutonium rich mixed carbide fuelled reactor. It has two primary and secondary loops and a common steam water circuit with once through steam generator (SG), which supplies super heated steam to the condensing turbine. 

Howson. Burdiek eontributed significantly to the development of methods for both water and sewage treatment. He also was eonsulted on the hydraulics of stream flow, floods, and flood relief, authoring with Alvord the 1918 paper on flood prevention and flood proteetion. He early realized the economic possibilities in the use of super-heated steam in steam turbines and made early installations of that type of equipment in waterwoiks service. He later converted many steam pumping stations to electric drive. 

Fig, 15,1 Heat flux data from an electrically heated platinum wire in water [2]. (a) Pure convection heat transferred to water/air interface where evaporation occurs (b) Nucleate boiling bubbles condense in super-heated liquid (c) Nucleate boiling bubbles rise to surface (d) Partial nucleate boiling and unstable nucleate film (e) Stable film boiling (0 Radiation coming into play. 

Various organic wastes, such as waste wood chip, sake lees, used tealeaves and so on, were carbonized with the super-heated water vapor at 623 K. By the 30 - 90 minutes treatment, the Oiganic wastes lost about SO - 90 % of their original weight. The capability of gas adsorption has been evaluated. The surface areas determined by nitrogen adsorption for the carbonized materials were much smaller than that of the activated carbon Granular Shirasagi. The surftce area determined by carbon dioxide adsorption, on the other hand, of the carbonated materials were almost the same order of m itude to that of the activated carbons. These results show that the carbonized materials have micro-pores whose diameter is less than SO nm. 

Packed column SFC stationary phases are very similar or identical to those used for HPLC. With neat CO2 mobile phases, polymer or polymer-coated silica stationary phases have typically been used. With modified-C02 mobile phases, bonded-phase silica columns are typically used. For structural separations, diol, amino, or cyano stationary phases are most often used. For stereochemical separations, derivatized polysaccharide-bonded sihca columns are most often the stationary phases of choice. A powerful feamre of modified-C02 pSFC is the ability to serially connect different stationary phases to obtain enhanced or multiple mechanism separations. With subcritical (super heated) water mobile phases, the use of polymer, porous graphitic carbon, and polymer-coated zirconia stationary phases has been described. 

It is important to remember that heating and cooling may change the gas composition of the water. After heating, the amount of gas that can be diluted in water is reduced. If the water is then sent directly to the hatchery without degassing, it may be super-saturated with gas and thus toxic for the organism grown. 

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