Fuel automotive applications

Major polymer applications automotive (fuel lines and connectors, fuel pump components, fuel tanks, filters, injection rails, air inlet, manifolds, gears, wheel covers), gears for business machines, liners for flexible fuel hoses, automotive fuel system components, industrial molded parts, film fibers... 

Uses and applications automotive fuel and powertrain systems, fuel lines, hydraulic hoses, transmission oil cooler hoses, servo brakes vacuum tubes, clutch tubes, and filaments. 

Shell Chemicals Carilon APK Applications Automotive fuel tanks, pipes, gears, technical mouldings. ... 

Applications Automotive fuel and ignition, eiectricai appliances, relays, pump housings, valves, cameras, electronics. ... 

While EVOH is of interest primarily for food packaging applications attention is now being turned to non-food outlets such as automotive fuel tanks, floor heating pipes and toothpaste tubes. 

The generation of au pollutants, ineluding VOC s, from automotive vehieles was identified to eome from two prineipal sourees vehiele exhaust emissions, and fuel system evaporative emissions [4], Evaporative emissions are defmed as the automotive fuel vapors generated and released from the vehiele s fuel system due to the interactions of the speeific fuel in use, the fuel system characteristics, and environmental factors. The sources of the evaporative emissions are discussed below and, as presented m the remainder of this chapter, control of these evaporative emissions are the focus of the application of activated carbon technology in automotive systems. 

Automotive exhaust catalysts, activated alumina applications, 2 399 Automotive fuels, toluene in, 25 179-180 Automotive gear oils, 15 236-237 Automotive industry... 

R. Westerholm, L.J. Pettersson, State of the Art Multi-Fuel Reformers for Automotive Fuel Cell Applications Problem Identification and Research Needs, KFB Swedish Transport Communications Research Board, Stockholm, October 31, 1999. 

The efficiency of PEMFCs ranges from about 40 to 50%, and operating temperature is about 255 K. The PEMFCs and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are considered to be promising power sources, especially for transportation applications. The PEMFCs with potentially much higher efficiencies and almost zero emissions offer an attractive alternative to the internal combustion engines for automotive applications. This fuel cell has many important attributes such as high efficiency, clean, quiet, low-temperature operation, capable of quick start-up, no liquid electrolyte and simple cell design (Hu et al., 2004). 

Dynamic characteristics of a fuel cell engine are of paramount importance for automotive application. Three primary processes govern the time response of a PEFC. They are (1) electrochemical double-layer discharging, (2) gas transport through channel and GDL, and (3) membrane hydration or dehydration (i.e., between a dry and a hydrated state). The time constant of double-layer discharging is between micro- and milliseconds, sufficiently short to be safely ignored for automotive fuel cells. The time constant for a reactant gas to transport through GDL can be estimated simply by its diffusion time, i.e.,... 

Nitrile rubber (NBR), a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene with 20-40% acrylonitrile, is noted for its oil resistance. More than 150 million pounds are produced annually in the United States. Applications include fuel tanks, gasoline hoses, and creamery equipment. Nitrile resin is made by copolymerizing acrylonitrile with about 20-30% styrene or methyl methacrylate in the presence of NBR or SBR rubber to yield a blend of the graft terpolymer and homocopolymer. Applications include extruded and blow-molded containers for household, automotive, and other products as well as some nonbeverage foods (spices, vitamins, candy). 

Copper and its nonferrous metal alloys, bronze and brass, are used to manufacture tubing, ferrules, valves, and a variety of fittings. Although their use is somewhat limited in automotive fuel systems, they are found commonly throughout fuel storage and distribution systems. Copper steam coils and brass hardware may be utilized due to their excellent resistance to corrosion and high level of thermal conductivity. Described below are some of the more common alloys of copper and their applications ... 

Felt, A. E., Wilson, G. C., Development and Application of Automotive Fuels—Diesel... 

Two major barriers to the commercialization of PEM fuel cells are high cost and poor durability. The US Department of Energy has established the durability target of electrolyte membranes for automotive fuel cells at 5,000 h and for stationary fuel cells at 40,000 h with additional cost constraints and operation requirements. In commercial applications, the integrity of fuel cell membranes must... 

For most mobile applications size and weight of the fuel cell is very important. Automotive fuel cell stacks have gravimetric and volumetric power density >1 kW/kg and >1 kW/1, respectively. For smaller stacks <10 kW, power density is significantly lower. 

For many potential applications a fuel cell system must be capable of surviving and operating in extreme conditions. Presence of water in the membrane and fuel cell requires special attention to fuel cell stack and system design to allow system survival and start-up in extremely cold conditions. Most automotive systems have already demonstrated this capability. 

Because TF1V Fluoroplastic is highly flexible, resistant to chemicals and automotive fuels, and has good barrier properties, it is used as a permeation barrier in various types of flexible hose in automotive applications and in the chemical process industry. Liners and tubing can be made from an electrostatic dissipative grade of TFIV, which is sometimes required for certain automotive applications.60... 

Medium-molecular-weight PMTFPS with vinyl or hydroxyl end blocks are used for adhesives and sealants. They are cured either at ambient temperature (RTV-room temperature vulcanization) or at elevated temperature. One-part moisture-activated RTV sealants have been available commercially for many years. Because of then-very high resistance to jet engine fuels, excellent flexibility at very low temperatures, and high thermal stability, they have been used in both military and civilian aerospace applications.78 Two-part, heat-cured fluorosilicone sealants have been used in military aircraft applications and for sealing automotive fuel systems.79 Special class of fluorosilicone sealants are channel sealants or groove injection sealants, sticky, puttylike compounds, which do not cure. They are used to seal fuel tanks of military aircraft and missiles.75... 

Methanol a Versitile Fuel. Thus there is no doubt that methanol will assume a significant role as an automotive fuel. At present its application is limited to situations where local conditions fit the advantages of methanol as a fuel, in any of its guises. 

Small-scale reforming systems are being pursued by a number of companies developing fuel cell electrical generation systems for home and automotive fuel cell applications. Before these systems become affordable and simple enough to be used as home electrical system components, they may be cost effective for industrial hydrogen supply systems.48... 

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