Proton exchange membrane fuel cells applications

Fuel cell applications Manganese dioxide as a new cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells [118] OMS-2 catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications [119] An improved cathode for alkaline fuel cells [120] Nanostructured manganese oxide as a cathodic catalyst for enhanced oxygen reduction in a microbial fuel cell [121] Carbon-supported tetragonal MnOOH catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media [122]... 

Mohy Eldin MS, Elzatahry AA, El-Khatib KM, Hassan EA, El-Sabbah MM, Abu-Saied MA (2011) Novel grafted Nafion membranes for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell applications. J Appl Polym Sci 119 120-133... 

Yoon YJ, Kim TH, Yu DM, Hong YT. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sul-fone)/disulfonated silsesquioxane hybrid proton conductors for proton exchange membrane fuel cell application. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012 37(24) 18981-8. 

Guilminot E, Corcella A, Chatenet M, Maillard F (2007) Comparing the thin-film rotating disk eleetrode and the ultramicroelectrode with cavity techniques to study earbon-supported platinum for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. J Electroanal Chem 599 (1) 111-120... 

Einsla BR, Harrison WL, Tchatchoua C, McGrath JE (2004) Disulfonated polybenzoxazoles for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. Polym Prepr 44(2) 645-646... 

Aili D, Li Q, Christensen E et al (2011) Crosslinking of polybenzimidazole membranes by divinylsulfone post-treatment for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. Polym Int 60 1201-1207... 

Truffier-Boutry, D., De Geyer, A., Guetaz, L., Diat, O., and Gebel, G. (2007) Structural study of zirconium phosphate-Nafion hybrid membranes for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. Macromolecules, 40, 8259-8264. 

Bi, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhu, X., Ma, Y, Dai, H., and Xiao, S. (2008) Fabrication and investigation of SOj supported sulfated zirconia/Nafion self humidifying membrane for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications, J. Power Sourc., 184, 197-203. 

F. Pereira, A. Chan, K. Valle, P. Pahnas, J. Bigarre, P. Belleville, C. Sanchez, Design of interpenetrated networks of mesostructured hybrid silica and nonconductive poly (vinylidene fluoride)-cohexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) polymer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications, Chem. Asian J., 6 (2011) 1217-1224. 

Fatyeyeva, K., Bigarie, J., Blondel, B., Galiano, H., Gaud, D., Lecardeur, M., and Poncin-Epaillard, F. 2011. Grafting of p-styrene sulfonate and 1,3-propane sultone onto Laponite for proton exchange membrane fuel cell application. J. Membr. Sci. 366 33-42. 

Ford Motor Company. (1997). Direct Ilydrogcn-Fuclcd Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System for Transportation Applications Hydrogen Vehicle... 

There are six different types of fuel cells (Table 1.6) (1) alkaline fuel cell (AFC), (2) direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), (3) molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), (4) phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), (5) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and (6) the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). They all differ in applications, operating temperatures, cost, and efficiency. 

Wee, J.H., Applications of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 11,1720-1738,2007. 

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are being considered as a potential alternative energy conversion device for mobile power applications. Since the electrolyte of a PEM fuel cell can function at low temperatures (typically at 80 °C), PEMFCs are unique from the other commercially viable types of fuel cells. Moreover, the electrolyte membrane and other cell components can be manufactured very thin, allowing for high power production to be achieved within a small volume of space. Thus, the combination of small size and fast start-up makes PEMFCs an excellent candidate for use in mobile power applications, such as laptop computers, cell phones, and automobiles. 

The PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) is a fuel cell with a protonconducting fluorinated polymer as electrolyte. Figure 14.12 gives a schematic drawing of the PEMFC. At the anode, hydrogen is oxidized to protons. At the cathode, oxygen from air is reduced to water. The PEMFC is in development for various applications. 

Eisman, G. A. 1990. The applications of Dow GhemicaTs perfluorinated membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 29 389-398. 

Because of its lower temperature and special polymer electrolyte membrane, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is well-suited for transportation, portable, and micro fuel cell applications. But the performance of these fuel cells critically depends on the materials used for the various cell components. Durability, water management, and reducing catalyst poisoning are important factors when selecting PEMFC materials. 

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) work with a polymer electrolyte in the form of a thin, permeable sheet. The PEMFCs, otherwise known as polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), are of particular importance for the use in mobile and small/medium-sized stationary applications (Pehnt, 2001). The PEM fuel cells are considered to be the most promising fuel cell for power generation (Kazim, 2000). 

The use of chlorine in a fuel cell system for space power applications has been suggested [100]. The CI2/H2 system is based on a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell design and is shown to give superior power and energy density when compared to conventional systems. 

Fuel cells can be broadly classified into two types high temperature fuel cells such as molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and solid oxide polymer fuel cells (SOFCs), which operate at temperatures above 923 K and low temperature fuel cells such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMs), alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs), which operate at temperatures lower than 523 K. Because of their higher operating temperatures, MCFCs and SOFCs have a high tolerance for commonly encountered impurities such as CO and CO2 (CO c)- However, the high temperatures also impose problems in their maintenance and operation and thus, increase the difficulty in their effective utilization in vehicular and small-scale applications. Hence, a major part of the research has been directed towards low temperature fuel cells. The low temperature fuel cells unfortunately, have a very low tolerance for impurities such as CO , PAFCs can tolerate up to 2% CO, PEMs only a few ppm, whereas the AFCs have a stringent (ppm level) CO2 tolerance. 

Ford Motor Co., Direct-hydrogen-fueled proton-exchange membrane fuel cell system for transportation applications hydrogen vehicle safety report, D.T. Inc., ed., Arlington,VA (1997). 

Smith B, Sridhar S, Khan A, (2005). Solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications-a review. Journal of Membrane Science 259 10-26 Sopian K, Wan Daud W, (2006). Challenges and future developments in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Renewable Energy 31 719-727 Srinivasan S, (2006). Fuel cells From fundamentals to applications. Springer Science and Business Media LLC, New York... 

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